Michigan\u2019s state funding has long been tied to a single count day, which occurs on the first Wednesday of October. This year, that means that for each student in attendance, each school will receive roughly $9,150\u2014the base funding in the state\u2019s budget.<\/p>
For states that have such count days, it\u2019s so important that some schools I\u2019ve researched outside of Michigan hold pizza parties to ensure students attend. Of course, pizza and food would likely drive Jewish students away while fasting on Yom Kippur.<\/p>
Five districts in Michigan that don\u2019t hold school on Yom Kippur because they have large Jewish populations have received waivers from the state to use the following day as the count day instead. Yet districts in session, like Ann Arbor, must create workarounds.<\/p>
Even if one grants that Michigan\u2019s policy stems from innocent, obtuse bureaucratic policies rather than something more pernicious, the reliance on a single count day to determine a school\u2019s funding is a sign of more serious problems.<\/p>
Funding schools based on attendance on a single day \u2014 or in other states, based on their average daily attendance or the number of minutes students sit in class over the course of a year \u2014 incentivizes schools to focus on what\u2019s known as \u201cseat time,\u201d but not learning.<\/p>
In other words, rather than pay for learning, public schools are paid based on enrollment. It\u2019s no exaggeration to say that we\u2019re paying schools based on the wrong end of the student. Small wonder that the focus on learning is so variable and results poor.<\/p>
A better funding model would tie some portion of the money to learning progress\u2014measured in terms of mastery\u2014that each individual student makes over the course of the fiscal year. Such a model would incentivize learning, not just attendance.<\/p>
Read the full article about funding schools by Michael B. Horn at Christensen Institute.Read the full article<\/a><\/button><\/p>","excerpt":"Michigan\u2019s state funding has long been tied to a single count day, which occurs on the first Wednesday of October. This year, that means that for each student in attendance, each school will receive roughly $9,150\u2014the base funding in the state\u2019s bud","byline":"","author":"Giving Compass","author_bio":null,"author_img_url":null,"publisher":"Christensen Institute","type":"post","image":null,"gc_medium_image":"https:\/\/cdn.www.hbhuluo.com\/images\/categories\/featured-category-education.jpg","has_featured_image":false,"img_alt":"","img_caption":"","gc_selection":false,"url":"\/\/www.hbhuluo.com\/article\/why-we-shouldnt-fund-schools-based-on-attendance","is_gc_original":false,"is_evergreen":false,"footnotes":null,"audio":false,"pdf":null,"video":false,"date_added":"Oct 18, 2022","date_modified":"Oct 18, 2022","categories":[{"id":44,"name":"Education","slug":"education"},{"id":110,"name":"Region","slug":"region"},{"id":111,"name":"North America","slug":"north-america"},{"id":248064,"name":"Elementary School Education","slug":"elementary-school-education"},{"id":248071,"name":"High School Education","slug":"high-school-education"}],"_date_added":1666051200,"_date_modified":1666051200,"_categories":["education","region","north-america","elementary-school-education","high-school-education"],"_tags":[]},{"id":211361,"title":"What Can Nonprofits Do to Improve American Education Systems?","summary":"\r\n \tEducation nonprofits are uniquely positioned to help American education systems address learning loss in the wake of the pandemic.<\/li>\r\n \tHow can donors strengthen education nonprofits and best support students? How can schools enhance their mental health capacities?<\/li>\r\n \tRead more about youth, mental health, COVID-19, and how donors can help.<\/a><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>","intro":null,"content":"If there were any doubts that the pandemic wreaked havoc on the American educational system, they can now be laid to rest. The magnitude of Covid-related learning loss experienced by a cohort of 9-year-olds, the first group for which national data are available, presents a sobering reality, to say the least.Despite the bleak portrait of student academic achievement and mental health, however, I remain hopeful that the lessons of the pandemic portend an educational comeback\u2014one that recognizes why investment in K-12 education is so critical to our nation\u2019s future and how to support youth proactively. And there are signs of just such a realization afoot. We comprehend the genesis of the problem, the magnitude of the loss and where to funnel our resources. Likewise, we recognize the profound impact of mental health on student learning, which points us to embedding\u00a0mental health support systems\u00a0in schools, including trauma identification, early intervention and\u00a0public health approaches\u00a0to the youth mental health crisis.Leaders of educational nonprofits play a vital role in this transformation, and their contributions will be felt simply by treating schools as the center of the youth universe. At a practical level, nonprofit leaders should work directly with schools to deliver student and parent services during or directly before\/after school, while housing their services directly within schools themselves (when feasible). This also necessitates strategic partnerships, data sharing, supplemental technology, positive adult mentors and ongoing education to create a community of support around students.Moreover, educational nonprofit leaders should approach students with the recognition that academic achievement cannot be improved unless we address youth holistically. Yet, this requires pivoting to view mental health as the centerpiece of all efforts targeting students, even if mental health is not part of your program model. In particular, nonprofit education leaders can engage personnel in mental health training so that they recognize the signs of trauma, crisis and declining mental health in youth. Staff training and ongoing education in culturally competent approaches to working with students, especially related to the high rates of undiagnosed, underdiagnosed and untreated mental health issues among racial and ethnic minorities, can effectively reduce many of the barriers to intervention for these populations.Read the full article about education nonprofits by Adam Powell at Forbes.Read the full article","html_content":"If there were any doubts that the pandemic wreaked havoc on the American educational system, they can now be laid to rest. The magnitude of Covid-related learning loss experienced by a cohort of 9-year-olds, the first group for which national data are available, presents a sobering reality, to say the least.<\/p>Despite the bleak portrait of student academic achievement and mental health, however, I remain hopeful that the lessons of the pandemic portend an educational comeback\u2014one that recognizes why investment in K-12 education is so critical to our nation\u2019s future and how to support youth proactively. And there are signs of just such a realization afoot. We comprehend the genesis of the problem, the magnitude of the loss and where to funnel our resources. Likewise, we recognize the profound impact of mental health on student learning, which points us to embedding\u00a0mental health support systems<\/a>\u00a0in schools, including trauma identification, early intervention and\u00a0public health approaches<\/a>\u00a0to the youth mental health crisis.<\/p>Leaders of educational nonprofits play a vital role in this transformation, and their contributions will be felt simply by treating schools as the center of the youth universe. At a practical level, nonprofit leaders should work directly with schools to deliver student and parent services during or directly before\/after school, while housing their services directly within schools themselves (when feasible). This also necessitates strategic partnerships, data sharing, supplemental technology, positive adult mentors and ongoing education to create a community of support around students.<\/p>Moreover, educational nonprofit leaders should approach students with the recognition that academic achievement cannot be improved unless we address youth holistically. Yet, this requires pivoting to view mental health as the centerpiece of all efforts targeting students, even if mental health is not part of your program model. In particular, nonprofit education leaders can engage personnel in mental health training so that they recognize the signs of trauma, crisis and declining mental health in youth. Staff training and ongoing education in culturally competent approaches to working with students, especially related to the high rates of undiagnosed, underdiagnosed and untreated mental health issues among racial and ethnic minorities, can effectively reduce many of the barriers to intervention for these populations.<\/p><\/div><\/div>Read the full article about education nonprofits by Adam Powell at Forbes.Read the full article<\/a><\/button><\/p>","excerpt":"If there were any doubts that the pandemic wreaked havoc on the American educational system, they can now be laid to rest. The magnitude of Covid-related learning loss experienced by a cohort of 9-year-olds, the first group for which national data are ava","byline":"","author":"Giving Compass","author_bio":null,"author_img_url":null,"publisher":"Forbes","type":"post","image":null,"gc_medium_image":"https:\/\/cdn.www.hbhuluo.com\/images\/categories\/featured-category-education.jpg","has_featured_image":false,"img_alt":"","img_caption":"","gc_selection":false,"url":"\/\/www.hbhuluo.com\/article\/what-can-nonprofits-do-to-improve-american-education-systems","is_gc_original":false,"is_evergreen":false,"footnotes":null,"audio":false,"pdf":null,"video":false,"date_added":"Oct 18, 2022","date_modified":"Oct 18, 2022","categories":[{"id":26,"name":"Health","slug":"health"},{"id":40,"name":"Additional Approaches","slug":"additional-approaches"},{"id":44,"name":"Education","slug":"education"},{"id":46,"name":"Philanthropy","slug":"philantropy"},{"id":110,"name":"Region","slug":"region"},{"id":111,"name":"North America","slug":"north-america"},{"id":155,"name":"Nonprofit Trends","slug":"nonprofit-sector"},{"id":33092,"name":"Education (Other)","slug":"education-philanthropy"},{"id":204104,"name":"COVID-19","slug":"covid-19"},{"id":249076,"name":"Nonprofit Infrastructure","slug":"nonprofit-infrastructure"}],"_date_added":1666051200,"_date_modified":1666051200,"_categories":["health","additional-approaches","education","philantropy","region","north-america","nonprofit-sector","education-philanthropy","covid-19","nonprofit-infrastructure"],"_tags":["coronavirus","covid-19"]},{"id":211372,"title":"The Influx of Ukrainian Refugees in Europe","summary":"\r\n \tHere are some of the challenges for Europe navigating the rapid displacement and subsequent influx of millions of Ukrainian refugees.<\/li>\r\n \tWhat is the role of donors in supporting displaced populations globally?<\/li>\r\n \tRead more about the response<\/a> to the displacement crisis in Ukraine.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>","intro":null,"content":"In October 2022 the U.N. listed 7.6 million Ukrainian refugees\u00a0across Europe, including 2.85 million in Russia\u2014many of the latter were sent there by Russian occupiers and were subjected\u00a0to a \u201cfiltration\u201d process with credible reports of war crimes emerging, including evidence of\u00a0executions and torture. Some 4.2 million Ukrainian refugees have registered for the EU\u2019s temporary protection scheme or other national programs. A further\u00a03.1 million had returned to Ukraine\u00a0as of June 2022\u00a0when the\u00a0U.N. also noted 6.9 million internally displaced peoples. In all, nearly one-third of Ukrainians have been displaced.\u00a0A further 13 million are stranded\u00a0within Ukraine due to fighting, impassable routes, or lack of resources to move.Most refugees are now in wealthier EU countries after first crossing into neighboring Poland (5.4 million), Hungary (1.2 million), Romania (1 million), Slovakia (690,000), and Moldova (573,000).Greatly facilitating this influx was the EU\u2019s Temporary Protection regime for Ukrainians that ensures the right to work, health, education, shelter, and financial support for up to three years. Also helpful were the EU\u2019s Ukrainian diaspora,\u00a0including 1.4 million in Poland, 250,000 in Italy,\u00a0and more elsewhere.The magnitude and rapidity of the influx and the large numbers returning are unprecedented even if global experience shows that\u00a0\u201crefugees do not fully cease returning at any time\u201d. The numerousness of returnees is due to a peaceful border area, the large number of separated families as men 18-60 years old are prohibited from leaving Ukraine, and trust in re-entering the EU. Ukrainian resistance and Russian withdrawals from around cities like Kyiv and elsewhere also mattered.Read the full article about Ukrainian refugees by Omer Karasapan at Brookings.Read the full article","html_content":"In October 2022 the U.N. listed 7.6 million Ukrainian refugees\u00a0across Europe, including 2.85 million in Russia\u2014many of the latter were sent there by Russian occupiers and were subjected\u00a0to a \u201cfiltration\u201d process with credible reports of war crimes emerging, including evidence of\u00a0executions and torture. Some 4.2 million Ukrainian refugees have registered for the EU\u2019s temporary protection scheme or other national programs. A further\u00a03.1 million had returned to Ukraine\u00a0as of June 2022\u00a0when the\u00a0U.N. also noted 6.9 million internally displaced peoples. In all, nearly one-third of Ukrainians have been displaced.\u00a0A further 13 million are stranded\u00a0within Ukraine due to fighting, impassable routes, or lack of resources to move.<\/p>Most refugees are now in wealthier EU countries after first crossing into neighboring Poland (5.4 million), Hungary (1.2 million), Romania (1 million), Slovakia (690,000), and Moldova (573,000).<\/p>Greatly facilitating this influx was the EU\u2019s Temporary Protection regime for Ukrainians that ensures the right to work, health, education, shelter, and financial support for up to three years. Also helpful were the EU\u2019s Ukrainian diaspora,\u00a0including 1.4 million in Poland, 250,000 in Italy,\u00a0and more elsewhere.<\/p>The magnitude and rapidity of the influx and the large numbers returning are unprecedented even if global experience shows that\u00a0\u201crefugees do not fully cease returning at any time\u201d. The numerousness of returnees is due to a peaceful border area, the large number of separated families as men 18-60 years old are prohibited from leaving Ukraine, and trust in re-entering the EU. Ukrainian resistance and Russian withdrawals from around cities like Kyiv and elsewhere also mattered.<\/p>Read the full article about Ukrainian refugees by Omer Karasapan at Brookings.Read the full article<\/a><\/button><\/p>","excerpt":"In October 2022 the U.N. listed 7.6 million Ukrainian refugees\u00a0across Europe, including 2.85 million in Russia\u2014many of the latter were sent there by Russian occupiers and were subjected\u00a0to a \u201cfiltration\u201d process with credible reports of war crimes","byline":"","author":"Giving Compass","author_bio":null,"author_img_url":null,"publisher":"Brookings","type":"post","image":null,"gc_medium_image":"https:\/\/cdn.www.hbhuluo.com\/images\/categories\/featured-category-human-rights.jpg","has_featured_image":false,"img_alt":"","img_caption":"","gc_selection":false,"url":"\/\/www.hbhuluo.com\/article\/the-influx-of-ukrainian-refugees-in-europe","is_gc_original":false,"is_evergreen":false,"footnotes":null,"audio":false,"pdf":null,"video":false,"date_added":"Oct 18, 2022","date_modified":"Oct 18, 2022","categories":[{"id":76,"name":"Human Rights","slug":"human-rights"},{"id":110,"name":"Region","slug":"region"},{"id":530,"name":"Europe","slug":"europe"},{"id":756,"name":"Immigrants and Refugees","slug":"immigrants-refugees"},{"id":259853,"name":"Peace and Conflict","slug":"peace-and-conflict"}],"_date_added":1666051200,"_date_modified":1666051200,"_categories":["human-rights","region","europe","immigrants-refugees","peace-and-conflict"],"_tags":[]},{"id":211369,"title":"Microplastics in the Ocean Will Become More Dangerous","summary":"\r\n \tMatt Simon, a science journalist for Wired, details the harms of microplastics and the effects of pollution in his book,\u00a0A Poison Like No Other.\u00a0<\/em><\/li>\r\n \tWhat are the implications for marine life as the presence of microplastics in the ocean worsens?<\/li>\r\n \tLearn more about the impact of microplastics on marine fish species.<\/a><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>","intro":null,"content":"When you think of plastic pollution, you might imagine ocean \u201cgarbage patches\u201d swirling with tens of millions of plastic bottles and shopping bags. But unfolding alongside the \u201cmacroplastic\u201d pollution crisis is another threat caused by much smaller particles: microplastics.Microplastics \u2014 tiny plastic fragments that are less than 5 millimeters in diameter, a little less than one-third the size of a dime \u2014 have become ubiquitous in the environment. They form when larger plastic items like water bottles, grocery bags, and food wrappers are exposed to the elements, chipping into smaller and smaller pieces as they degrade. Smaller plastic fragments can get down into the nano territory, spanning just 0.000001 millimeter \u2014 a tiny fraction of the width of a human hair.These plastic particles do many of the same bad things that larger plastic items do: mar the land and sea, leach toxic chemicals into the food chain. But scientists are increasingly worried about their potential impact on the global climate system. Not only do microplastics\u00a0release potent greenhouse gases as they break down, but they also may be\u00a0inhibiting one of the world\u2019s most important carbon sinks, preventing planet-warming carbon molecules from being locked away in the seafloor.Matt Simon, a science journalist for Wired, details the danger in his forthcoming book on microplastics,\u00a0A Poison Like No Other. He told Grist that it\u2019s still early days for some of this research but that the problem could be \u201chugely important going forward.\u201dTo understand the potential magnitude, you first have to understand an ocean phenomenon called the \u201cbiological carbon pump.\u201d This process \u2014 which involves a complex network of physical, chemical, and biological factors \u2014 sequesters up to\u00a012 billion metric tons of carbon at the bottom of the ocean each year, potentially locking away\u00a0one-third of humanity\u2019s annual emissions. Without this vital system, scientists estimate that atmospheric CO2 concentrations, which recently hit a new record high of\u00a0421 parts per million, could be up to\u00a0250 parts per million higher.Read the full article about microplastics in the ocean by Joseph Winters at Grist.Read the full article","html_content":"When you think of plastic pollution, you might imagine ocean \u201cgarbage patches\u201d swirling with tens of millions of plastic bottles and shopping bags. But unfolding alongside the \u201cmacroplastic\u201d pollution crisis is another threat caused by much smaller particles: microplastics.<\/p>Microplastics \u2014 tiny plastic fragments that are less than 5 millimeters in diameter, a little less than one-third the size of a dime \u2014 have become ubiquitous in the environment. They form when larger plastic items like water bottles, grocery bags, and food wrappers are exposed to the elements, chipping into smaller and smaller pieces as they degrade. Smaller plastic fragments can get down into the nano territory, spanning just 0.000001 millimeter \u2014 a tiny fraction of the width of a human hair.<\/p>These plastic particles do many of the same bad things that larger plastic items do: mar the land and sea, leach toxic chemicals into the food chain. But scientists are increasingly worried about their potential impact on the global climate system. Not only do microplastics\u00a0release potent greenhouse gases as they break down, but they also may be\u00a0inhibiting one of the world\u2019s most important carbon sinks, preventing planet-warming carbon molecules from being locked away in the seafloor.<\/p>Matt Simon, a science journalist for Wired, details the danger in his forthcoming book on microplastics,\u00a0A Poison Like No Other. He told Grist that it\u2019s still early days for some of this research but that the problem could be \u201chugely important going forward.\u201d<\/p>To understand the potential magnitude, you first have to understand an ocean phenomenon called the \u201cbiological carbon pump.\u201d This process \u2014 which involves a complex network of physical, chemical, and biological factors \u2014 sequesters up to\u00a012 billion metric tons of carbon at the bottom of the ocean each year, potentially locking away\u00a0one-third of humanity\u2019s annual emissions. Without this vital system, scientists estimate that atmospheric CO2 concentrations, which recently hit a new record high of\u00a0421 parts per million, could be up to\u00a0250 parts per million higher.<\/p>Read the full article about microplastics in the ocean by Joseph Winters at Grist.Read the full article<\/a><\/button><\/p>","excerpt":"When you think of plastic pollution, you might imagine ocean \u201cgarbage patches\u201d swirling with tens of millions of plastic bottles and shopping bags. But unfolding alongside the \u201cmacroplastic\u201d pollution crisis is another threat caused by much smalle","byline":"","author":"Giving Compass","author_bio":null,"author_img_url":null,"publisher":"Grist","type":"post","image":null,"gc_medium_image":"https:\/\/cdn.www.hbhuluo.com\/images\/categories\/featured-category-environment.jpg","has_featured_image":false,"img_alt":"","img_caption":"","gc_selection":false,"url":"\/\/www.hbhuluo.com\/article\/climate-change-and-ocean-plastic-pollution","is_gc_original":false,"is_evergreen":false,"footnotes":null,"audio":false,"pdf":null,"video":false,"date_added":"Oct 18, 2022","date_modified":"Oct 18, 2022","categories":[{"id":58,"name":"Environment","slug":"environment"},{"id":59,"name":"Climate","slug":"climate"},{"id":110,"name":"Region","slug":"region"},{"id":122,"name":"Global","slug":"global"},{"id":177,"name":"Natural Resources","slug":"natural-resources"},{"id":176565,"name":"Scientific Research","slug":"scientific-research"},{"id":176571,"name":"Research","slug":"research"},{"id":248072,"name":"Pollution","slug":"pollution"}],"_date_added":1666051200,"_date_modified":1666051200,"_categories":["environment","climate","region","global","natural-resources","scientific-research","research","pollution"],"_tags":[]},{"id":211355,"title":"Anxiety Detection Screenings in Early Childhood Are Paramount for Early Treatment","summary":"\r\n \tElana Bernstein, a school psychologist, explains why early anxiety screenings for children 8-18 can help treat young people struggling with mental health.<\/li>\r\n \tWhat are the long-term benefits of these screenings? How can donors help support mental health policy recommendations?<\/li>\r\n \tRead more on why kids are more depressed and anxious.\u00a0<\/a><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>","intro":null,"content":"The U.S. Preventive Services Task Force, an independent panel of experts in primary care and prevention, issued a final recommendation on Oct. 11, 2022, published in the journal JAMA, stating that all children and adolescents between the ages of 8 and 18 should be screened for anxiety, regardless of whether they have symptoms. The recommendation follows a systematic review that evaluated the potential harms and benefits of screening.The Conversation asked Elana Bernstein, a school psychologist who researches child and adolescent anxiety, to explain the task force\u2019s recommendations and what they might mean for kids, parents and providers.1. Why is the task force recommending young kids be screened?Nearly 80% of chronic mental health conditions emerge in childhood, and when help is eventually sought, it is often years after the problem\u2019s onset. In general, recommendations to screen for mental health disorders are based on research demonstrating that youths do not typically seek help independently, and that parents and teachers are not always skilled at correctly identifying problems or knowing how to respond.Anxiety is the most common mental health problem affecting children and adolescents. Epidemiological studies indicate that 7.1% of children are diagnosed with anxiety disorders. However, studies also estimate that upwards of 10% to 21% of children and adolescents struggle with an anxiety disorder and as many as 30% of children experience moderate anxiety that interferes with their daily functioning at some time in their life.This tells us that many kids experience anxiety at a level that interferes with their daily functioning, even if they are never formally diagnosed. Additionally, there is a well-established evidence base for treating childhood anxiety.The task force evaluated the best available research and concluded that, while there are gaps in the evidence base, the benefits of screening are clear. Untreated anxiety disorders in children result in added burdens to the public health system. So from a cost-benefit perspective, the cost-effectiveness of screening for anxiety and providing preventive treatment is favorable, while, as the task force pointed out, the harms are negligible.The task force recommendation to screen kids as young as age 8 is driven by the research literature. Anxiety disorders are most likely to first show up during the elementary school years. And the typical age of onset for anxiety is among the earliest of all childhood mental health diagnoses. The panel also pointed to a lack of accurate screening instruments available to detect anxiety among younger children; as a result, it concluded that there is not sufficient evidence to recommend screening children age 7 or younger.Anxiety disorders can persist into adulthood, particularly those disorders with early onsets and those that are left untreated. Individuals who experience anxiety in childhood are more likely to deal with it in adulthood, too, along with other mental health disorders like depression and an overall diminished quality of life. The task force considered these long-term impacts in making its recommendations, noting that screening in children as young as 8 may alleviate a preventable burden for families.2. How can care providers identify anxiety in young kids?In general, it is easier to accurately identify anxiety when the child\u2019s symptoms are behavioral in nature, such as refusing to go to school or avoiding social situations. While the task force recommended that screening take place in primary care settings \u2013 such as a pediatrician\u2019s office \u2013 the research literature also supports in-school screening for mental health problems, including anxiety.Fortunately, in the past three decades, considerable advances have been made in mental health screening tools, including for anxiety. The evidence-based strategies for identifying anxiety in children and adolescents are centered on collecting observations from multiple perspectives, including the child, parent and teacher, to provide a complete picture of the child\u2019s functioning in school, at home and in the community.Anxiety is what\u2019s called an internalizing trait, meaning that the symptoms may not be observable to those around the person. This makes accurate identification more challenging, though certainly possible. Therefore, psychologists recommend including the child in the screening process to the degree possible based on age and development.Among the youths who are actually treated for mental health problems, nearly two-thirds receive those services at school, making school-based screening a logical practice.3. How would the screening be carried out?Universal screening for all children, including those with no symptoms or diagnoses, is a preventive approach to identifying youths who are at risk. This includes those who may need further diagnostic evaluation or those would benefit from early intervention.In both cases, the aim is to reduce symptoms and to preve...","html_content":"The U.S. Preventive Services Task Force, an independent panel of experts in primary care and prevention, issued a final recommendation on Oct. 11, 2022, published in the journal JAMA<\/a>, stating that all children and adolescents between the ages of 8 and 18 should be screened for anxiety, regardless of whether they have symptoms. The recommendation follows a systematic review that evaluated the potential harms and benefits of screening.<\/em><\/p>The Conversation asked Elana Bernstein, a school psychologist who researches child and adolescent anxiety, to explain the task force\u2019s recommendations and what they might mean for kids, parents and providers.<\/em><\/p>1. Why is the task force recommending young kids be screened?<\/h2>Nearly 80% of chronic mental health conditions emerge in childhood<\/a>, and when help is eventually sought, it is often years after the problem\u2019s onset. In general, recommendations to screen for mental health disorders are based on research demonstrating that youths do not typically seek help independently, and that parents<\/a> and teachers<\/a> are not always skilled at correctly identifying problems or knowing how to respond.<\/p>Anxiety is the most common<\/a> mental health problem affecting children and adolescents. Epidemiological studies indicate that 7.1% of children are diagnosed with anxiety disorders<\/a>. However, studies also estimate that upwards of 10% to 21% of children and adolescents struggle with an anxiety disorder and as many as 30% of children<\/a> experience moderate anxiety that interferes with their daily functioning at some time in their life.<\/p>This tells us that many kids experience anxiety at a level that interferes with their daily functioning, even if they are never formally diagnosed. Additionally, there is a well-established evidence base<\/a> for treating childhood anxiety.<\/p>The task force evaluated the best available research and concluded that, while there are gaps in the evidence base, the benefits of screening are clear. Untreated anxiety disorders in children result in added burdens<\/a> to the public health system. So from a cost-benefit perspective, the cost-effectiveness of screening for anxiety and providing preventive treatment is favorable, while, as the task force pointed out, the harms are negligible.<\/p>The task force recommendation to screen kids as young as age 8 is driven by the research literature. Anxiety disorders are most likely to first show up during the elementary school years. And the typical age of onset for anxiety is among the earliest<\/a> of all childhood mental health diagnoses. The panel also pointed to a lack of accurate screening instruments available to detect anxiety among younger children; as a result, it concluded that there is not sufficient evidence to recommend screening children age 7 or younger.<\/p>Anxiety disorders can persist into adulthood, particularly those disorders with early onsets and those that are left untreated. Individuals who experience anxiety in childhood are more likely to deal with it in adulthood, too, along with other mental health disorders like depression<\/a> and an overall diminished quality of life. The task force considered these long-term impacts in making its recommendations, noting that screening in children as young as 8 may alleviate a preventable burden for families.<\/p>2. How can care providers identify anxiety in young kids?<\/h2>In general, it is easier to accurately identify anxiety when the child\u2019s symptoms are behavioral in nature, such as refusing to go to school or avoiding social situations. While the task force recommended that screening take place in primary care settings \u2013 such as a pediatrician\u2019s office \u2013 the research literature also supports in-school screening for mental health problems<\/a>, including anxiety.<\/p>Fortunately, in the past three decades, considerable advances have been made in mental health screening tools, including for anxiety. The evidence-based strategies for identifying anxiety in children and adolescents are centered on collecting observations from multiple perspectives, including the child, parent and teacher, to provide a complete picture of the child\u2019s functioning in school, at home and in the community.<\/p>Anxiety is what\u2019s called an internalizing trait, meaning that the symptoms may not be observable to those around the person. This makes accurate identification more challenging, though certainly possible. Therefore, psychologists recommend including the child in the screening process to the degree possible based on age and development.<\/p>Among the youths who are actually treated for mental health problems, nearly two-thirds receive those services at school<\/a>, making school-based screening a logical practice.<\/p>3. How would the screening be carried out?<\/h2>Universal screening for all children, including those with no symptoms or diagnoses, is a preventive approach to identifying youths who are at risk. This includes those who may need further diagnostic evaluation or those would benefit from early intervention.<\/p>In both cases, the aim is to reduce symptoms and to prevent lifelong chronic mental health problems. But it is important to note that a screening does not equate to a diagnosis, something that the task force highlighted in its recommendation statement.<\/p>Diagnostic assessment is more in-depth and costs more, while screening is intended to be brief, efficient and cost-effective. Screening for anxiety in a primary-care setting may involve completion of short questionnaires by the child and\/or parent, similar to how pediatricians frequently screen kids<\/a> for attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder, or ADHD<\/a>.<\/p>The task force did not recommend a single method or tool, nor a particular time interval, for screening. Instead, care providers were advised to consider the evidence in the task force\u2019s recommendation and apply it to the particular child or situation. The task force did point to multiple available screening tools such as the Screen for Child Anxiety Related Emotional Disorders<\/a> and the Patient Health Questionnaire Screeners<\/a> for generalized anxiety disorder, which accurately identify anxiety. These assess general emotional and behavioral health, including questions specific to anxiety. Both are available at no cost.<\/p>4. What are care providers looking for when screening for anxiety?<\/h2>A child\u2019s symptoms can vary depending on the type of anxiety they have. For instance, social anxiety disorder involves fear and anxiety in social situations, while specific phobias involve fear of a particular stimulus, such as vomiting or thunderstorms. However, many anxiety disorders share symptoms, and children typically do not fit neatly into one category.<\/p>But psychologists typically observe some common patterns when it comes to anxiety. These include negative self-talk such as \u201cI\u2019m going to fail my math test\u201d or \u201cEveryone will laugh at me,\u201d and emotion regulation difficulties, like increased tantrums, anger or sensitivity to criticism. Other typical patterns include behavioral avoidance, such as reluctance or refusal to participate in activities or interact with others.<\/p>Anxiety can also show up as physical symptoms that lack a root physiological cause. For example, a child may complain of stomachaches or headaches or general malaise. In fact, studies suggest that spotting youths with anxiety in pediatric settings may simply occur through identification of children with medically unexplained physical symptoms<\/a>.<\/p>The distinction we are aiming for in screening is identifying the magnitude of symptoms and their impact. In other words, how much do the symptoms interfere with the child\u2019s daily functioning? Some anxiety is normal and, in fact, necessary and helpful.<\/p>5. What are the recommendations for supporting kids with anxiety?<\/h2>The key to an effective screening process is that it be connected to evidence-based care.<\/p>The good news is that we now have decades of high-quality research demonstrating how to effectively intervene to reduce symptoms and to help anxious youth cope and function better. These include both medications or therapeutic approaches like cognitive behavioral therapy, which studies show to be safe and effective<\/a>.<\/p>This is an updated version of an article originally published on May 13, 2022<\/a>.<\/em><\/p>Elana Bernstein<\/a>, Assistant Professor of School Psychology, University of Dayton<\/a><\/em><\/p>This article is republished from The Conversation<\/a> under a Creative Commons license. Read the original article<\/a>.\u00a0The<\/span>\u00a0Conversation<\/span>\u00a0is a nonprofit news source dedicated to spreading ideas and expertise from academia into\u00a0the<\/span>\u00a0public discourse.\u00a0\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>
If there were any doubts that the pandemic wreaked havoc on the American educational system, they can now be laid to rest. The magnitude of Covid-related learning loss experienced by a cohort of 9-year-olds, the first group for which national data are available, presents a sobering reality, to say the least.<\/p>
Despite the bleak portrait of student academic achievement and mental health, however, I remain hopeful that the lessons of the pandemic portend an educational comeback\u2014one that recognizes why investment in K-12 education is so critical to our nation\u2019s future and how to support youth proactively. And there are signs of just such a realization afoot. We comprehend the genesis of the problem, the magnitude of the loss and where to funnel our resources. Likewise, we recognize the profound impact of mental health on student learning, which points us to embedding\u00a0mental health support systems<\/a>\u00a0in schools, including trauma identification, early intervention and\u00a0public health approaches<\/a>\u00a0to the youth mental health crisis.<\/p>Leaders of educational nonprofits play a vital role in this transformation, and their contributions will be felt simply by treating schools as the center of the youth universe. At a practical level, nonprofit leaders should work directly with schools to deliver student and parent services during or directly before\/after school, while housing their services directly within schools themselves (when feasible). This also necessitates strategic partnerships, data sharing, supplemental technology, positive adult mentors and ongoing education to create a community of support around students.<\/p>Moreover, educational nonprofit leaders should approach students with the recognition that academic achievement cannot be improved unless we address youth holistically. Yet, this requires pivoting to view mental health as the centerpiece of all efforts targeting students, even if mental health is not part of your program model. In particular, nonprofit education leaders can engage personnel in mental health training so that they recognize the signs of trauma, crisis and declining mental health in youth. Staff training and ongoing education in culturally competent approaches to working with students, especially related to the high rates of undiagnosed, underdiagnosed and untreated mental health issues among racial and ethnic minorities, can effectively reduce many of the barriers to intervention for these populations.<\/p><\/div><\/div>Read the full article about education nonprofits by Adam Powell at Forbes.Read the full article<\/a><\/button><\/p>","excerpt":"If there were any doubts that the pandemic wreaked havoc on the American educational system, they can now be laid to rest. The magnitude of Covid-related learning loss experienced by a cohort of 9-year-olds, the first group for which national data are ava","byline":"","author":"Giving Compass","author_bio":null,"author_img_url":null,"publisher":"Forbes","type":"post","image":null,"gc_medium_image":"https:\/\/cdn.www.hbhuluo.com\/images\/categories\/featured-category-education.jpg","has_featured_image":false,"img_alt":"","img_caption":"","gc_selection":false,"url":"\/\/www.hbhuluo.com\/article\/what-can-nonprofits-do-to-improve-american-education-systems","is_gc_original":false,"is_evergreen":false,"footnotes":null,"audio":false,"pdf":null,"video":false,"date_added":"Oct 18, 2022","date_modified":"Oct 18, 2022","categories":[{"id":26,"name":"Health","slug":"health"},{"id":40,"name":"Additional Approaches","slug":"additional-approaches"},{"id":44,"name":"Education","slug":"education"},{"id":46,"name":"Philanthropy","slug":"philantropy"},{"id":110,"name":"Region","slug":"region"},{"id":111,"name":"North America","slug":"north-america"},{"id":155,"name":"Nonprofit Trends","slug":"nonprofit-sector"},{"id":33092,"name":"Education (Other)","slug":"education-philanthropy"},{"id":204104,"name":"COVID-19","slug":"covid-19"},{"id":249076,"name":"Nonprofit Infrastructure","slug":"nonprofit-infrastructure"}],"_date_added":1666051200,"_date_modified":1666051200,"_categories":["health","additional-approaches","education","philantropy","region","north-america","nonprofit-sector","education-philanthropy","covid-19","nonprofit-infrastructure"],"_tags":["coronavirus","covid-19"]},{"id":211372,"title":"The Influx of Ukrainian Refugees in Europe","summary":"\r\n \tHere are some of the challenges for Europe navigating the rapid displacement and subsequent influx of millions of Ukrainian refugees.<\/li>\r\n \tWhat is the role of donors in supporting displaced populations globally?<\/li>\r\n \tRead more about the response<\/a> to the displacement crisis in Ukraine.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>","intro":null,"content":"In October 2022 the U.N. listed 7.6 million Ukrainian refugees\u00a0across Europe, including 2.85 million in Russia\u2014many of the latter were sent there by Russian occupiers and were subjected\u00a0to a \u201cfiltration\u201d process with credible reports of war crimes emerging, including evidence of\u00a0executions and torture. Some 4.2 million Ukrainian refugees have registered for the EU\u2019s temporary protection scheme or other national programs. A further\u00a03.1 million had returned to Ukraine\u00a0as of June 2022\u00a0when the\u00a0U.N. also noted 6.9 million internally displaced peoples. In all, nearly one-third of Ukrainians have been displaced.\u00a0A further 13 million are stranded\u00a0within Ukraine due to fighting, impassable routes, or lack of resources to move.Most refugees are now in wealthier EU countries after first crossing into neighboring Poland (5.4 million), Hungary (1.2 million), Romania (1 million), Slovakia (690,000), and Moldova (573,000).Greatly facilitating this influx was the EU\u2019s Temporary Protection regime for Ukrainians that ensures the right to work, health, education, shelter, and financial support for up to three years. Also helpful were the EU\u2019s Ukrainian diaspora,\u00a0including 1.4 million in Poland, 250,000 in Italy,\u00a0and more elsewhere.The magnitude and rapidity of the influx and the large numbers returning are unprecedented even if global experience shows that\u00a0\u201crefugees do not fully cease returning at any time\u201d. The numerousness of returnees is due to a peaceful border area, the large number of separated families as men 18-60 years old are prohibited from leaving Ukraine, and trust in re-entering the EU. Ukrainian resistance and Russian withdrawals from around cities like Kyiv and elsewhere also mattered.Read the full article about Ukrainian refugees by Omer Karasapan at Brookings.Read the full article","html_content":"In October 2022 the U.N. listed 7.6 million Ukrainian refugees\u00a0across Europe, including 2.85 million in Russia\u2014many of the latter were sent there by Russian occupiers and were subjected\u00a0to a \u201cfiltration\u201d process with credible reports of war crimes emerging, including evidence of\u00a0executions and torture. Some 4.2 million Ukrainian refugees have registered for the EU\u2019s temporary protection scheme or other national programs. A further\u00a03.1 million had returned to Ukraine\u00a0as of June 2022\u00a0when the\u00a0U.N. also noted 6.9 million internally displaced peoples. In all, nearly one-third of Ukrainians have been displaced.\u00a0A further 13 million are stranded\u00a0within Ukraine due to fighting, impassable routes, or lack of resources to move.<\/p>Most refugees are now in wealthier EU countries after first crossing into neighboring Poland (5.4 million), Hungary (1.2 million), Romania (1 million), Slovakia (690,000), and Moldova (573,000).<\/p>Greatly facilitating this influx was the EU\u2019s Temporary Protection regime for Ukrainians that ensures the right to work, health, education, shelter, and financial support for up to three years. Also helpful were the EU\u2019s Ukrainian diaspora,\u00a0including 1.4 million in Poland, 250,000 in Italy,\u00a0and more elsewhere.<\/p>The magnitude and rapidity of the influx and the large numbers returning are unprecedented even if global experience shows that\u00a0\u201crefugees do not fully cease returning at any time\u201d. The numerousness of returnees is due to a peaceful border area, the large number of separated families as men 18-60 years old are prohibited from leaving Ukraine, and trust in re-entering the EU. Ukrainian resistance and Russian withdrawals from around cities like Kyiv and elsewhere also mattered.<\/p>Read the full article about Ukrainian refugees by Omer Karasapan at Brookings.Read the full article<\/a><\/button><\/p>","excerpt":"In October 2022 the U.N. listed 7.6 million Ukrainian refugees\u00a0across Europe, including 2.85 million in Russia\u2014many of the latter were sent there by Russian occupiers and were subjected\u00a0to a \u201cfiltration\u201d process with credible reports of war crimes","byline":"","author":"Giving Compass","author_bio":null,"author_img_url":null,"publisher":"Brookings","type":"post","image":null,"gc_medium_image":"https:\/\/cdn.www.hbhuluo.com\/images\/categories\/featured-category-human-rights.jpg","has_featured_image":false,"img_alt":"","img_caption":"","gc_selection":false,"url":"\/\/www.hbhuluo.com\/article\/the-influx-of-ukrainian-refugees-in-europe","is_gc_original":false,"is_evergreen":false,"footnotes":null,"audio":false,"pdf":null,"video":false,"date_added":"Oct 18, 2022","date_modified":"Oct 18, 2022","categories":[{"id":76,"name":"Human Rights","slug":"human-rights"},{"id":110,"name":"Region","slug":"region"},{"id":530,"name":"Europe","slug":"europe"},{"id":756,"name":"Immigrants and Refugees","slug":"immigrants-refugees"},{"id":259853,"name":"Peace and Conflict","slug":"peace-and-conflict"}],"_date_added":1666051200,"_date_modified":1666051200,"_categories":["human-rights","region","europe","immigrants-refugees","peace-and-conflict"],"_tags":[]},{"id":211369,"title":"Microplastics in the Ocean Will Become More Dangerous","summary":"\r\n \tMatt Simon, a science journalist for Wired, details the harms of microplastics and the effects of pollution in his book,\u00a0A Poison Like No Other.\u00a0<\/em><\/li>\r\n \tWhat are the implications for marine life as the presence of microplastics in the ocean worsens?<\/li>\r\n \tLearn more about the impact of microplastics on marine fish species.<\/a><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>","intro":null,"content":"When you think of plastic pollution, you might imagine ocean \u201cgarbage patches\u201d swirling with tens of millions of plastic bottles and shopping bags. But unfolding alongside the \u201cmacroplastic\u201d pollution crisis is another threat caused by much smaller particles: microplastics.Microplastics \u2014 tiny plastic fragments that are less than 5 millimeters in diameter, a little less than one-third the size of a dime \u2014 have become ubiquitous in the environment. They form when larger plastic items like water bottles, grocery bags, and food wrappers are exposed to the elements, chipping into smaller and smaller pieces as they degrade. Smaller plastic fragments can get down into the nano territory, spanning just 0.000001 millimeter \u2014 a tiny fraction of the width of a human hair.These plastic particles do many of the same bad things that larger plastic items do: mar the land and sea, leach toxic chemicals into the food chain. But scientists are increasingly worried about their potential impact on the global climate system. Not only do microplastics\u00a0release potent greenhouse gases as they break down, but they also may be\u00a0inhibiting one of the world\u2019s most important carbon sinks, preventing planet-warming carbon molecules from being locked away in the seafloor.Matt Simon, a science journalist for Wired, details the danger in his forthcoming book on microplastics,\u00a0A Poison Like No Other. He told Grist that it\u2019s still early days for some of this research but that the problem could be \u201chugely important going forward.\u201dTo understand the potential magnitude, you first have to understand an ocean phenomenon called the \u201cbiological carbon pump.\u201d This process \u2014 which involves a complex network of physical, chemical, and biological factors \u2014 sequesters up to\u00a012 billion metric tons of carbon at the bottom of the ocean each year, potentially locking away\u00a0one-third of humanity\u2019s annual emissions. Without this vital system, scientists estimate that atmospheric CO2 concentrations, which recently hit a new record high of\u00a0421 parts per million, could be up to\u00a0250 parts per million higher.Read the full article about microplastics in the ocean by Joseph Winters at Grist.Read the full article","html_content":"When you think of plastic pollution, you might imagine ocean \u201cgarbage patches\u201d swirling with tens of millions of plastic bottles and shopping bags. But unfolding alongside the \u201cmacroplastic\u201d pollution crisis is another threat caused by much smaller particles: microplastics.<\/p>Microplastics \u2014 tiny plastic fragments that are less than 5 millimeters in diameter, a little less than one-third the size of a dime \u2014 have become ubiquitous in the environment. They form when larger plastic items like water bottles, grocery bags, and food wrappers are exposed to the elements, chipping into smaller and smaller pieces as they degrade. Smaller plastic fragments can get down into the nano territory, spanning just 0.000001 millimeter \u2014 a tiny fraction of the width of a human hair.<\/p>These plastic particles do many of the same bad things that larger plastic items do: mar the land and sea, leach toxic chemicals into the food chain. But scientists are increasingly worried about their potential impact on the global climate system. Not only do microplastics\u00a0release potent greenhouse gases as they break down, but they also may be\u00a0inhibiting one of the world\u2019s most important carbon sinks, preventing planet-warming carbon molecules from being locked away in the seafloor.<\/p>Matt Simon, a science journalist for Wired, details the danger in his forthcoming book on microplastics,\u00a0A Poison Like No Other. He told Grist that it\u2019s still early days for some of this research but that the problem could be \u201chugely important going forward.\u201d<\/p>To understand the potential magnitude, you first have to understand an ocean phenomenon called the \u201cbiological carbon pump.\u201d This process \u2014 which involves a complex network of physical, chemical, and biological factors \u2014 sequesters up to\u00a012 billion metric tons of carbon at the bottom of the ocean each year, potentially locking away\u00a0one-third of humanity\u2019s annual emissions. Without this vital system, scientists estimate that atmospheric CO2 concentrations, which recently hit a new record high of\u00a0421 parts per million, could be up to\u00a0250 parts per million higher.<\/p>Read the full article about microplastics in the ocean by Joseph Winters at Grist.Read the full article<\/a><\/button><\/p>","excerpt":"When you think of plastic pollution, you might imagine ocean \u201cgarbage patches\u201d swirling with tens of millions of plastic bottles and shopping bags. But unfolding alongside the \u201cmacroplastic\u201d pollution crisis is another threat caused by much smalle","byline":"","author":"Giving Compass","author_bio":null,"author_img_url":null,"publisher":"Grist","type":"post","image":null,"gc_medium_image":"https:\/\/cdn.www.hbhuluo.com\/images\/categories\/featured-category-environment.jpg","has_featured_image":false,"img_alt":"","img_caption":"","gc_selection":false,"url":"\/\/www.hbhuluo.com\/article\/climate-change-and-ocean-plastic-pollution","is_gc_original":false,"is_evergreen":false,"footnotes":null,"audio":false,"pdf":null,"video":false,"date_added":"Oct 18, 2022","date_modified":"Oct 18, 2022","categories":[{"id":58,"name":"Environment","slug":"environment"},{"id":59,"name":"Climate","slug":"climate"},{"id":110,"name":"Region","slug":"region"},{"id":122,"name":"Global","slug":"global"},{"id":177,"name":"Natural Resources","slug":"natural-resources"},{"id":176565,"name":"Scientific Research","slug":"scientific-research"},{"id":176571,"name":"Research","slug":"research"},{"id":248072,"name":"Pollution","slug":"pollution"}],"_date_added":1666051200,"_date_modified":1666051200,"_categories":["environment","climate","region","global","natural-resources","scientific-research","research","pollution"],"_tags":[]},{"id":211355,"title":"Anxiety Detection Screenings in Early Childhood Are Paramount for Early Treatment","summary":"\r\n \tElana Bernstein, a school psychologist, explains why early anxiety screenings for children 8-18 can help treat young people struggling with mental health.<\/li>\r\n \tWhat are the long-term benefits of these screenings? How can donors help support mental health policy recommendations?<\/li>\r\n \tRead more on why kids are more depressed and anxious.\u00a0<\/a><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>","intro":null,"content":"The U.S. Preventive Services Task Force, an independent panel of experts in primary care and prevention, issued a final recommendation on Oct. 11, 2022, published in the journal JAMA, stating that all children and adolescents between the ages of 8 and 18 should be screened for anxiety, regardless of whether they have symptoms. The recommendation follows a systematic review that evaluated the potential harms and benefits of screening.The Conversation asked Elana Bernstein, a school psychologist who researches child and adolescent anxiety, to explain the task force\u2019s recommendations and what they might mean for kids, parents and providers.1. Why is the task force recommending young kids be screened?Nearly 80% of chronic mental health conditions emerge in childhood, and when help is eventually sought, it is often years after the problem\u2019s onset. In general, recommendations to screen for mental health disorders are based on research demonstrating that youths do not typically seek help independently, and that parents and teachers are not always skilled at correctly identifying problems or knowing how to respond.Anxiety is the most common mental health problem affecting children and adolescents. Epidemiological studies indicate that 7.1% of children are diagnosed with anxiety disorders. However, studies also estimate that upwards of 10% to 21% of children and adolescents struggle with an anxiety disorder and as many as 30% of children experience moderate anxiety that interferes with their daily functioning at some time in their life.This tells us that many kids experience anxiety at a level that interferes with their daily functioning, even if they are never formally diagnosed. Additionally, there is a well-established evidence base for treating childhood anxiety.The task force evaluated the best available research and concluded that, while there are gaps in the evidence base, the benefits of screening are clear. Untreated anxiety disorders in children result in added burdens to the public health system. So from a cost-benefit perspective, the cost-effectiveness of screening for anxiety and providing preventive treatment is favorable, while, as the task force pointed out, the harms are negligible.The task force recommendation to screen kids as young as age 8 is driven by the research literature. Anxiety disorders are most likely to first show up during the elementary school years. And the typical age of onset for anxiety is among the earliest of all childhood mental health diagnoses. The panel also pointed to a lack of accurate screening instruments available to detect anxiety among younger children; as a result, it concluded that there is not sufficient evidence to recommend screening children age 7 or younger.Anxiety disorders can persist into adulthood, particularly those disorders with early onsets and those that are left untreated. Individuals who experience anxiety in childhood are more likely to deal with it in adulthood, too, along with other mental health disorders like depression and an overall diminished quality of life. The task force considered these long-term impacts in making its recommendations, noting that screening in children as young as 8 may alleviate a preventable burden for families.2. How can care providers identify anxiety in young kids?In general, it is easier to accurately identify anxiety when the child\u2019s symptoms are behavioral in nature, such as refusing to go to school or avoiding social situations. While the task force recommended that screening take place in primary care settings \u2013 such as a pediatrician\u2019s office \u2013 the research literature also supports in-school screening for mental health problems, including anxiety.Fortunately, in the past three decades, considerable advances have been made in mental health screening tools, including for anxiety. The evidence-based strategies for identifying anxiety in children and adolescents are centered on collecting observations from multiple perspectives, including the child, parent and teacher, to provide a complete picture of the child\u2019s functioning in school, at home and in the community.Anxiety is what\u2019s called an internalizing trait, meaning that the symptoms may not be observable to those around the person. This makes accurate identification more challenging, though certainly possible. Therefore, psychologists recommend including the child in the screening process to the degree possible based on age and development.Among the youths who are actually treated for mental health problems, nearly two-thirds receive those services at school, making school-based screening a logical practice.3. How would the screening be carried out?Universal screening for all children, including those with no symptoms or diagnoses, is a preventive approach to identifying youths who are at risk. This includes those who may need further diagnostic evaluation or those would benefit from early intervention.In both cases, the aim is to reduce symptoms and to preve...","html_content":"The U.S. Preventive Services Task Force, an independent panel of experts in primary care and prevention, issued a final recommendation on Oct. 11, 2022, published in the journal JAMA<\/a>, stating that all children and adolescents between the ages of 8 and 18 should be screened for anxiety, regardless of whether they have symptoms. The recommendation follows a systematic review that evaluated the potential harms and benefits of screening.<\/em><\/p>The Conversation asked Elana Bernstein, a school psychologist who researches child and adolescent anxiety, to explain the task force\u2019s recommendations and what they might mean for kids, parents and providers.<\/em><\/p>1. Why is the task force recommending young kids be screened?<\/h2>Nearly 80% of chronic mental health conditions emerge in childhood<\/a>, and when help is eventually sought, it is often years after the problem\u2019s onset. In general, recommendations to screen for mental health disorders are based on research demonstrating that youths do not typically seek help independently, and that parents<\/a> and teachers<\/a> are not always skilled at correctly identifying problems or knowing how to respond.<\/p>Anxiety is the most common<\/a> mental health problem affecting children and adolescents. Epidemiological studies indicate that 7.1% of children are diagnosed with anxiety disorders<\/a>. However, studies also estimate that upwards of 10% to 21% of children and adolescents struggle with an anxiety disorder and as many as 30% of children<\/a> experience moderate anxiety that interferes with their daily functioning at some time in their life.<\/p>This tells us that many kids experience anxiety at a level that interferes with their daily functioning, even if they are never formally diagnosed. Additionally, there is a well-established evidence base<\/a> for treating childhood anxiety.<\/p>The task force evaluated the best available research and concluded that, while there are gaps in the evidence base, the benefits of screening are clear. Untreated anxiety disorders in children result in added burdens<\/a> to the public health system. So from a cost-benefit perspective, the cost-effectiveness of screening for anxiety and providing preventive treatment is favorable, while, as the task force pointed out, the harms are negligible.<\/p>The task force recommendation to screen kids as young as age 8 is driven by the research literature. Anxiety disorders are most likely to first show up during the elementary school years. And the typical age of onset for anxiety is among the earliest<\/a> of all childhood mental health diagnoses. The panel also pointed to a lack of accurate screening instruments available to detect anxiety among younger children; as a result, it concluded that there is not sufficient evidence to recommend screening children age 7 or younger.<\/p>Anxiety disorders can persist into adulthood, particularly those disorders with early onsets and those that are left untreated. Individuals who experience anxiety in childhood are more likely to deal with it in adulthood, too, along with other mental health disorders like depression<\/a> and an overall diminished quality of life. The task force considered these long-term impacts in making its recommendations, noting that screening in children as young as 8 may alleviate a preventable burden for families.<\/p>2. How can care providers identify anxiety in young kids?<\/h2>In general, it is easier to accurately identify anxiety when the child\u2019s symptoms are behavioral in nature, such as refusing to go to school or avoiding social situations. While the task force recommended that screening take place in primary care settings \u2013 such as a pediatrician\u2019s office \u2013 the research literature also supports in-school screening for mental health problems<\/a>, including anxiety.<\/p>Fortunately, in the past three decades, considerable advances have been made in mental health screening tools, including for anxiety. The evidence-based strategies for identifying anxiety in children and adolescents are centered on collecting observations from multiple perspectives, including the child, parent and teacher, to provide a complete picture of the child\u2019s functioning in school, at home and in the community.<\/p>Anxiety is what\u2019s called an internalizing trait, meaning that the symptoms may not be observable to those around the person. This makes accurate identification more challenging, though certainly possible. Therefore, psychologists recommend including the child in the screening process to the degree possible based on age and development.<\/p>Among the youths who are actually treated for mental health problems, nearly two-thirds receive those services at school<\/a>, making school-based screening a logical practice.<\/p>3. How would the screening be carried out?<\/h2>Universal screening for all children, including those with no symptoms or diagnoses, is a preventive approach to identifying youths who are at risk. This includes those who may need further diagnostic evaluation or those would benefit from early intervention.<\/p>In both cases, the aim is to reduce symptoms and to prevent lifelong chronic mental health problems. But it is important to note that a screening does not equate to a diagnosis, something that the task force highlighted in its recommendation statement.<\/p>Diagnostic assessment is more in-depth and costs more, while screening is intended to be brief, efficient and cost-effective. Screening for anxiety in a primary-care setting may involve completion of short questionnaires by the child and\/or parent, similar to how pediatricians frequently screen kids<\/a> for attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder, or ADHD<\/a>.<\/p>The task force did not recommend a single method or tool, nor a particular time interval, for screening. Instead, care providers were advised to consider the evidence in the task force\u2019s recommendation and apply it to the particular child or situation. The task force did point to multiple available screening tools such as the Screen for Child Anxiety Related Emotional Disorders<\/a> and the Patient Health Questionnaire Screeners<\/a> for generalized anxiety disorder, which accurately identify anxiety. These assess general emotional and behavioral health, including questions specific to anxiety. Both are available at no cost.<\/p>4. What are care providers looking for when screening for anxiety?<\/h2>A child\u2019s symptoms can vary depending on the type of anxiety they have. For instance, social anxiety disorder involves fear and anxiety in social situations, while specific phobias involve fear of a particular stimulus, such as vomiting or thunderstorms. However, many anxiety disorders share symptoms, and children typically do not fit neatly into one category.<\/p>But psychologists typically observe some common patterns when it comes to anxiety. These include negative self-talk such as \u201cI\u2019m going to fail my math test\u201d or \u201cEveryone will laugh at me,\u201d and emotion regulation difficulties, like increased tantrums, anger or sensitivity to criticism. Other typical patterns include behavioral avoidance, such as reluctance or refusal to participate in activities or interact with others.<\/p>Anxiety can also show up as physical symptoms that lack a root physiological cause. For example, a child may complain of stomachaches or headaches or general malaise. In fact, studies suggest that spotting youths with anxiety in pediatric settings may simply occur through identification of children with medically unexplained physical symptoms<\/a>.<\/p>The distinction we are aiming for in screening is identifying the magnitude of symptoms and their impact. In other words, how much do the symptoms interfere with the child\u2019s daily functioning? Some anxiety is normal and, in fact, necessary and helpful.<\/p>5. What are the recommendations for supporting kids with anxiety?<\/h2>The key to an effective screening process is that it be connected to evidence-based care.<\/p>The good news is that we now have decades of high-quality research demonstrating how to effectively intervene to reduce symptoms and to help anxious youth cope and function better. These include both medications or therapeutic approaches like cognitive behavioral therapy, which studies show to be safe and effective<\/a>.<\/p>This is an updated version of an article originally published on May 13, 2022<\/a>.<\/em><\/p>Elana Bernstein<\/a>, Assistant Professor of School Psychology, University of Dayton<\/a><\/em><\/p>This article is republished from The Conversation<\/a> under a Creative Commons license. Read the original article<\/a>.\u00a0The<\/span>\u00a0Conversation<\/span>\u00a0is a nonprofit news source dedicated to spreading ideas and expertise from academia into\u00a0the<\/span>\u00a0public discourse.\u00a0\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>
Leaders of educational nonprofits play a vital role in this transformation, and their contributions will be felt simply by treating schools as the center of the youth universe. At a practical level, nonprofit leaders should work directly with schools to deliver student and parent services during or directly before\/after school, while housing their services directly within schools themselves (when feasible). This also necessitates strategic partnerships, data sharing, supplemental technology, positive adult mentors and ongoing education to create a community of support around students.<\/p>
Moreover, educational nonprofit leaders should approach students with the recognition that academic achievement cannot be improved unless we address youth holistically. Yet, this requires pivoting to view mental health as the centerpiece of all efforts targeting students, even if mental health is not part of your program model. In particular, nonprofit education leaders can engage personnel in mental health training so that they recognize the signs of trauma, crisis and declining mental health in youth. Staff training and ongoing education in culturally competent approaches to working with students, especially related to the high rates of undiagnosed, underdiagnosed and untreated mental health issues among racial and ethnic minorities, can effectively reduce many of the barriers to intervention for these populations.<\/p><\/div><\/div>
Read the full article about education nonprofits by Adam Powell at Forbes.Read the full article<\/a><\/button><\/p>","excerpt":"If there were any doubts that the pandemic wreaked havoc on the American educational system, they can now be laid to rest. The magnitude of Covid-related learning loss experienced by a cohort of 9-year-olds, the first group for which national data are ava","byline":"","author":"Giving Compass","author_bio":null,"author_img_url":null,"publisher":"Forbes","type":"post","image":null,"gc_medium_image":"https:\/\/cdn.www.hbhuluo.com\/images\/categories\/featured-category-education.jpg","has_featured_image":false,"img_alt":"","img_caption":"","gc_selection":false,"url":"\/\/www.hbhuluo.com\/article\/what-can-nonprofits-do-to-improve-american-education-systems","is_gc_original":false,"is_evergreen":false,"footnotes":null,"audio":false,"pdf":null,"video":false,"date_added":"Oct 18, 2022","date_modified":"Oct 18, 2022","categories":[{"id":26,"name":"Health","slug":"health"},{"id":40,"name":"Additional Approaches","slug":"additional-approaches"},{"id":44,"name":"Education","slug":"education"},{"id":46,"name":"Philanthropy","slug":"philantropy"},{"id":110,"name":"Region","slug":"region"},{"id":111,"name":"North America","slug":"north-america"},{"id":155,"name":"Nonprofit Trends","slug":"nonprofit-sector"},{"id":33092,"name":"Education (Other)","slug":"education-philanthropy"},{"id":204104,"name":"COVID-19","slug":"covid-19"},{"id":249076,"name":"Nonprofit Infrastructure","slug":"nonprofit-infrastructure"}],"_date_added":1666051200,"_date_modified":1666051200,"_categories":["health","additional-approaches","education","philantropy","region","north-america","nonprofit-sector","education-philanthropy","covid-19","nonprofit-infrastructure"],"_tags":["coronavirus","covid-19"]},{"id":211372,"title":"The Influx of Ukrainian Refugees in Europe","summary":"\r\n \tHere are some of the challenges for Europe navigating the rapid displacement and subsequent influx of millions of Ukrainian refugees.<\/li>\r\n \tWhat is the role of donors in supporting displaced populations globally?<\/li>\r\n \tRead more about the response<\/a> to the displacement crisis in Ukraine.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>","intro":null,"content":"In October 2022 the U.N. listed 7.6 million Ukrainian refugees\u00a0across Europe, including 2.85 million in Russia\u2014many of the latter were sent there by Russian occupiers and were subjected\u00a0to a \u201cfiltration\u201d process with credible reports of war crimes emerging, including evidence of\u00a0executions and torture. Some 4.2 million Ukrainian refugees have registered for the EU\u2019s temporary protection scheme or other national programs. A further\u00a03.1 million had returned to Ukraine\u00a0as of June 2022\u00a0when the\u00a0U.N. also noted 6.9 million internally displaced peoples. In all, nearly one-third of Ukrainians have been displaced.\u00a0A further 13 million are stranded\u00a0within Ukraine due to fighting, impassable routes, or lack of resources to move.Most refugees are now in wealthier EU countries after first crossing into neighboring Poland (5.4 million), Hungary (1.2 million), Romania (1 million), Slovakia (690,000), and Moldova (573,000).Greatly facilitating this influx was the EU\u2019s Temporary Protection regime for Ukrainians that ensures the right to work, health, education, shelter, and financial support for up to three years. Also helpful were the EU\u2019s Ukrainian diaspora,\u00a0including 1.4 million in Poland, 250,000 in Italy,\u00a0and more elsewhere.The magnitude and rapidity of the influx and the large numbers returning are unprecedented even if global experience shows that\u00a0\u201crefugees do not fully cease returning at any time\u201d. The numerousness of returnees is due to a peaceful border area, the large number of separated families as men 18-60 years old are prohibited from leaving Ukraine, and trust in re-entering the EU. Ukrainian resistance and Russian withdrawals from around cities like Kyiv and elsewhere also mattered.Read the full article about Ukrainian refugees by Omer Karasapan at Brookings.Read the full article","html_content":"In October 2022 the U.N. listed 7.6 million Ukrainian refugees\u00a0across Europe, including 2.85 million in Russia\u2014many of the latter were sent there by Russian occupiers and were subjected\u00a0to a \u201cfiltration\u201d process with credible reports of war crimes emerging, including evidence of\u00a0executions and torture. Some 4.2 million Ukrainian refugees have registered for the EU\u2019s temporary protection scheme or other national programs. A further\u00a03.1 million had returned to Ukraine\u00a0as of June 2022\u00a0when the\u00a0U.N. also noted 6.9 million internally displaced peoples. In all, nearly one-third of Ukrainians have been displaced.\u00a0A further 13 million are stranded\u00a0within Ukraine due to fighting, impassable routes, or lack of resources to move.<\/p>Most refugees are now in wealthier EU countries after first crossing into neighboring Poland (5.4 million), Hungary (1.2 million), Romania (1 million), Slovakia (690,000), and Moldova (573,000).<\/p>Greatly facilitating this influx was the EU\u2019s Temporary Protection regime for Ukrainians that ensures the right to work, health, education, shelter, and financial support for up to three years. Also helpful were the EU\u2019s Ukrainian diaspora,\u00a0including 1.4 million in Poland, 250,000 in Italy,\u00a0and more elsewhere.<\/p>The magnitude and rapidity of the influx and the large numbers returning are unprecedented even if global experience shows that\u00a0\u201crefugees do not fully cease returning at any time\u201d. The numerousness of returnees is due to a peaceful border area, the large number of separated families as men 18-60 years old are prohibited from leaving Ukraine, and trust in re-entering the EU. Ukrainian resistance and Russian withdrawals from around cities like Kyiv and elsewhere also mattered.<\/p>Read the full article about Ukrainian refugees by Omer Karasapan at Brookings.Read the full article<\/a><\/button><\/p>","excerpt":"In October 2022 the U.N. listed 7.6 million Ukrainian refugees\u00a0across Europe, including 2.85 million in Russia\u2014many of the latter were sent there by Russian occupiers and were subjected\u00a0to a \u201cfiltration\u201d process with credible reports of war crimes","byline":"","author":"Giving Compass","author_bio":null,"author_img_url":null,"publisher":"Brookings","type":"post","image":null,"gc_medium_image":"https:\/\/cdn.www.hbhuluo.com\/images\/categories\/featured-category-human-rights.jpg","has_featured_image":false,"img_alt":"","img_caption":"","gc_selection":false,"url":"\/\/www.hbhuluo.com\/article\/the-influx-of-ukrainian-refugees-in-europe","is_gc_original":false,"is_evergreen":false,"footnotes":null,"audio":false,"pdf":null,"video":false,"date_added":"Oct 18, 2022","date_modified":"Oct 18, 2022","categories":[{"id":76,"name":"Human Rights","slug":"human-rights"},{"id":110,"name":"Region","slug":"region"},{"id":530,"name":"Europe","slug":"europe"},{"id":756,"name":"Immigrants and Refugees","slug":"immigrants-refugees"},{"id":259853,"name":"Peace and Conflict","slug":"peace-and-conflict"}],"_date_added":1666051200,"_date_modified":1666051200,"_categories":["human-rights","region","europe","immigrants-refugees","peace-and-conflict"],"_tags":[]},{"id":211369,"title":"Microplastics in the Ocean Will Become More Dangerous","summary":"\r\n \tMatt Simon, a science journalist for Wired, details the harms of microplastics and the effects of pollution in his book,\u00a0A Poison Like No Other.\u00a0<\/em><\/li>\r\n \tWhat are the implications for marine life as the presence of microplastics in the ocean worsens?<\/li>\r\n \tLearn more about the impact of microplastics on marine fish species.<\/a><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>","intro":null,"content":"When you think of plastic pollution, you might imagine ocean \u201cgarbage patches\u201d swirling with tens of millions of plastic bottles and shopping bags. But unfolding alongside the \u201cmacroplastic\u201d pollution crisis is another threat caused by much smaller particles: microplastics.Microplastics \u2014 tiny plastic fragments that are less than 5 millimeters in diameter, a little less than one-third the size of a dime \u2014 have become ubiquitous in the environment. They form when larger plastic items like water bottles, grocery bags, and food wrappers are exposed to the elements, chipping into smaller and smaller pieces as they degrade. Smaller plastic fragments can get down into the nano territory, spanning just 0.000001 millimeter \u2014 a tiny fraction of the width of a human hair.These plastic particles do many of the same bad things that larger plastic items do: mar the land and sea, leach toxic chemicals into the food chain. But scientists are increasingly worried about their potential impact on the global climate system. Not only do microplastics\u00a0release potent greenhouse gases as they break down, but they also may be\u00a0inhibiting one of the world\u2019s most important carbon sinks, preventing planet-warming carbon molecules from being locked away in the seafloor.Matt Simon, a science journalist for Wired, details the danger in his forthcoming book on microplastics,\u00a0A Poison Like No Other. He told Grist that it\u2019s still early days for some of this research but that the problem could be \u201chugely important going forward.\u201dTo understand the potential magnitude, you first have to understand an ocean phenomenon called the \u201cbiological carbon pump.\u201d This process \u2014 which involves a complex network of physical, chemical, and biological factors \u2014 sequesters up to\u00a012 billion metric tons of carbon at the bottom of the ocean each year, potentially locking away\u00a0one-third of humanity\u2019s annual emissions. Without this vital system, scientists estimate that atmospheric CO2 concentrations, which recently hit a new record high of\u00a0421 parts per million, could be up to\u00a0250 parts per million higher.Read the full article about microplastics in the ocean by Joseph Winters at Grist.Read the full article","html_content":"When you think of plastic pollution, you might imagine ocean \u201cgarbage patches\u201d swirling with tens of millions of plastic bottles and shopping bags. But unfolding alongside the \u201cmacroplastic\u201d pollution crisis is another threat caused by much smaller particles: microplastics.<\/p>Microplastics \u2014 tiny plastic fragments that are less than 5 millimeters in diameter, a little less than one-third the size of a dime \u2014 have become ubiquitous in the environment. They form when larger plastic items like water bottles, grocery bags, and food wrappers are exposed to the elements, chipping into smaller and smaller pieces as they degrade. Smaller plastic fragments can get down into the nano territory, spanning just 0.000001 millimeter \u2014 a tiny fraction of the width of a human hair.<\/p>These plastic particles do many of the same bad things that larger plastic items do: mar the land and sea, leach toxic chemicals into the food chain. But scientists are increasingly worried about their potential impact on the global climate system. Not only do microplastics\u00a0release potent greenhouse gases as they break down, but they also may be\u00a0inhibiting one of the world\u2019s most important carbon sinks, preventing planet-warming carbon molecules from being locked away in the seafloor.<\/p>Matt Simon, a science journalist for Wired, details the danger in his forthcoming book on microplastics,\u00a0A Poison Like No Other. He told Grist that it\u2019s still early days for some of this research but that the problem could be \u201chugely important going forward.\u201d<\/p>To understand the potential magnitude, you first have to understand an ocean phenomenon called the \u201cbiological carbon pump.\u201d This process \u2014 which involves a complex network of physical, chemical, and biological factors \u2014 sequesters up to\u00a012 billion metric tons of carbon at the bottom of the ocean each year, potentially locking away\u00a0one-third of humanity\u2019s annual emissions. Without this vital system, scientists estimate that atmospheric CO2 concentrations, which recently hit a new record high of\u00a0421 parts per million, could be up to\u00a0250 parts per million higher.<\/p>Read the full article about microplastics in the ocean by Joseph Winters at Grist.Read the full article<\/a><\/button><\/p>","excerpt":"When you think of plastic pollution, you might imagine ocean \u201cgarbage patches\u201d swirling with tens of millions of plastic bottles and shopping bags. But unfolding alongside the \u201cmacroplastic\u201d pollution crisis is another threat caused by much smalle","byline":"","author":"Giving Compass","author_bio":null,"author_img_url":null,"publisher":"Grist","type":"post","image":null,"gc_medium_image":"https:\/\/cdn.www.hbhuluo.com\/images\/categories\/featured-category-environment.jpg","has_featured_image":false,"img_alt":"","img_caption":"","gc_selection":false,"url":"\/\/www.hbhuluo.com\/article\/climate-change-and-ocean-plastic-pollution","is_gc_original":false,"is_evergreen":false,"footnotes":null,"audio":false,"pdf":null,"video":false,"date_added":"Oct 18, 2022","date_modified":"Oct 18, 2022","categories":[{"id":58,"name":"Environment","slug":"environment"},{"id":59,"name":"Climate","slug":"climate"},{"id":110,"name":"Region","slug":"region"},{"id":122,"name":"Global","slug":"global"},{"id":177,"name":"Natural Resources","slug":"natural-resources"},{"id":176565,"name":"Scientific Research","slug":"scientific-research"},{"id":176571,"name":"Research","slug":"research"},{"id":248072,"name":"Pollution","slug":"pollution"}],"_date_added":1666051200,"_date_modified":1666051200,"_categories":["environment","climate","region","global","natural-resources","scientific-research","research","pollution"],"_tags":[]},{"id":211355,"title":"Anxiety Detection Screenings in Early Childhood Are Paramount for Early Treatment","summary":"\r\n \tElana Bernstein, a school psychologist, explains why early anxiety screenings for children 8-18 can help treat young people struggling with mental health.<\/li>\r\n \tWhat are the long-term benefits of these screenings? How can donors help support mental health policy recommendations?<\/li>\r\n \tRead more on why kids are more depressed and anxious.\u00a0<\/a><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>","intro":null,"content":"The U.S. Preventive Services Task Force, an independent panel of experts in primary care and prevention, issued a final recommendation on Oct. 11, 2022, published in the journal JAMA, stating that all children and adolescents between the ages of 8 and 18 should be screened for anxiety, regardless of whether they have symptoms. The recommendation follows a systematic review that evaluated the potential harms and benefits of screening.The Conversation asked Elana Bernstein, a school psychologist who researches child and adolescent anxiety, to explain the task force\u2019s recommendations and what they might mean for kids, parents and providers.1. Why is the task force recommending young kids be screened?Nearly 80% of chronic mental health conditions emerge in childhood, and when help is eventually sought, it is often years after the problem\u2019s onset. In general, recommendations to screen for mental health disorders are based on research demonstrating that youths do not typically seek help independently, and that parents and teachers are not always skilled at correctly identifying problems or knowing how to respond.Anxiety is the most common mental health problem affecting children and adolescents. Epidemiological studies indicate that 7.1% of children are diagnosed with anxiety disorders. However, studies also estimate that upwards of 10% to 21% of children and adolescents struggle with an anxiety disorder and as many as 30% of children experience moderate anxiety that interferes with their daily functioning at some time in their life.This tells us that many kids experience anxiety at a level that interferes with their daily functioning, even if they are never formally diagnosed. Additionally, there is a well-established evidence base for treating childhood anxiety.The task force evaluated the best available research and concluded that, while there are gaps in the evidence base, the benefits of screening are clear. Untreated anxiety disorders in children result in added burdens to the public health system. So from a cost-benefit perspective, the cost-effectiveness of screening for anxiety and providing preventive treatment is favorable, while, as the task force pointed out, the harms are negligible.The task force recommendation to screen kids as young as age 8 is driven by the research literature. Anxiety disorders are most likely to first show up during the elementary school years. And the typical age of onset for anxiety is among the earliest of all childhood mental health diagnoses. The panel also pointed to a lack of accurate screening instruments available to detect anxiety among younger children; as a result, it concluded that there is not sufficient evidence to recommend screening children age 7 or younger.Anxiety disorders can persist into adulthood, particularly those disorders with early onsets and those that are left untreated. Individuals who experience anxiety in childhood are more likely to deal with it in adulthood, too, along with other mental health disorders like depression and an overall diminished quality of life. The task force considered these long-term impacts in making its recommendations, noting that screening in children as young as 8 may alleviate a preventable burden for families.2. How can care providers identify anxiety in young kids?In general, it is easier to accurately identify anxiety when the child\u2019s symptoms are behavioral in nature, such as refusing to go to school or avoiding social situations. While the task force recommended that screening take place in primary care settings \u2013 such as a pediatrician\u2019s office \u2013 the research literature also supports in-school screening for mental health problems, including anxiety.Fortunately, in the past three decades, considerable advances have been made in mental health screening tools, including for anxiety. The evidence-based strategies for identifying anxiety in children and adolescents are centered on collecting observations from multiple perspectives, including the child, parent and teacher, to provide a complete picture of the child\u2019s functioning in school, at home and in the community.Anxiety is what\u2019s called an internalizing trait, meaning that the symptoms may not be observable to those around the person. This makes accurate identification more challenging, though certainly possible. Therefore, psychologists recommend including the child in the screening process to the degree possible based on age and development.Among the youths who are actually treated for mental health problems, nearly two-thirds receive those services at school, making school-based screening a logical practice.3. How would the screening be carried out?Universal screening for all children, including those with no symptoms or diagnoses, is a preventive approach to identifying youths who are at risk. This includes those who may need further diagnostic evaluation or those would benefit from early intervention.In both cases, the aim is to reduce symptoms and to preve...","html_content":"The U.S. Preventive Services Task Force, an independent panel of experts in primary care and prevention, issued a final recommendation on Oct. 11, 2022, published in the journal JAMA<\/a>, stating that all children and adolescents between the ages of 8 and 18 should be screened for anxiety, regardless of whether they have symptoms. The recommendation follows a systematic review that evaluated the potential harms and benefits of screening.<\/em><\/p>The Conversation asked Elana Bernstein, a school psychologist who researches child and adolescent anxiety, to explain the task force\u2019s recommendations and what they might mean for kids, parents and providers.<\/em><\/p>1. Why is the task force recommending young kids be screened?<\/h2>Nearly 80% of chronic mental health conditions emerge in childhood<\/a>, and when help is eventually sought, it is often years after the problem\u2019s onset. In general, recommendations to screen for mental health disorders are based on research demonstrating that youths do not typically seek help independently, and that parents<\/a> and teachers<\/a> are not always skilled at correctly identifying problems or knowing how to respond.<\/p>Anxiety is the most common<\/a> mental health problem affecting children and adolescents. Epidemiological studies indicate that 7.1% of children are diagnosed with anxiety disorders<\/a>. However, studies also estimate that upwards of 10% to 21% of children and adolescents struggle with an anxiety disorder and as many as 30% of children<\/a> experience moderate anxiety that interferes with their daily functioning at some time in their life.<\/p>This tells us that many kids experience anxiety at a level that interferes with their daily functioning, even if they are never formally diagnosed. Additionally, there is a well-established evidence base<\/a> for treating childhood anxiety.<\/p>The task force evaluated the best available research and concluded that, while there are gaps in the evidence base, the benefits of screening are clear. Untreated anxiety disorders in children result in added burdens<\/a> to the public health system. So from a cost-benefit perspective, the cost-effectiveness of screening for anxiety and providing preventive treatment is favorable, while, as the task force pointed out, the harms are negligible.<\/p>The task force recommendation to screen kids as young as age 8 is driven by the research literature. Anxiety disorders are most likely to first show up during the elementary school years. And the typical age of onset for anxiety is among the earliest<\/a> of all childhood mental health diagnoses. The panel also pointed to a lack of accurate screening instruments available to detect anxiety among younger children; as a result, it concluded that there is not sufficient evidence to recommend screening children age 7 or younger.<\/p>Anxiety disorders can persist into adulthood, particularly those disorders with early onsets and those that are left untreated. Individuals who experience anxiety in childhood are more likely to deal with it in adulthood, too, along with other mental health disorders like depression<\/a> and an overall diminished quality of life. The task force considered these long-term impacts in making its recommendations, noting that screening in children as young as 8 may alleviate a preventable burden for families.<\/p>2. How can care providers identify anxiety in young kids?<\/h2>In general, it is easier to accurately identify anxiety when the child\u2019s symptoms are behavioral in nature, such as refusing to go to school or avoiding social situations. While the task force recommended that screening take place in primary care settings \u2013 such as a pediatrician\u2019s office \u2013 the research literature also supports in-school screening for mental health problems<\/a>, including anxiety.<\/p>Fortunately, in the past three decades, considerable advances have been made in mental health screening tools, including for anxiety. The evidence-based strategies for identifying anxiety in children and adolescents are centered on collecting observations from multiple perspectives, including the child, parent and teacher, to provide a complete picture of the child\u2019s functioning in school, at home and in the community.<\/p>Anxiety is what\u2019s called an internalizing trait, meaning that the symptoms may not be observable to those around the person. This makes accurate identification more challenging, though certainly possible. Therefore, psychologists recommend including the child in the screening process to the degree possible based on age and development.<\/p>Among the youths who are actually treated for mental health problems, nearly two-thirds receive those services at school<\/a>, making school-based screening a logical practice.<\/p>3. How would the screening be carried out?<\/h2>Universal screening for all children, including those with no symptoms or diagnoses, is a preventive approach to identifying youths who are at risk. This includes those who may need further diagnostic evaluation or those would benefit from early intervention.<\/p>In both cases, the aim is to reduce symptoms and to prevent lifelong chronic mental health problems. But it is important to note that a screening does not equate to a diagnosis, something that the task force highlighted in its recommendation statement.<\/p>Diagnostic assessment is more in-depth and costs more, while screening is intended to be brief, efficient and cost-effective. Screening for anxiety in a primary-care setting may involve completion of short questionnaires by the child and\/or parent, similar to how pediatricians frequently screen kids<\/a> for attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder, or ADHD<\/a>.<\/p>The task force did not recommend a single method or tool, nor a particular time interval, for screening. Instead, care providers were advised to consider the evidence in the task force\u2019s recommendation and apply it to the particular child or situation. The task force did point to multiple available screening tools such as the Screen for Child Anxiety Related Emotional Disorders<\/a> and the Patient Health Questionnaire Screeners<\/a> for generalized anxiety disorder, which accurately identify anxiety. These assess general emotional and behavioral health, including questions specific to anxiety. Both are available at no cost.<\/p>4. What are care providers looking for when screening for anxiety?<\/h2>A child\u2019s symptoms can vary depending on the type of anxiety they have. For instance, social anxiety disorder involves fear and anxiety in social situations, while specific phobias involve fear of a particular stimulus, such as vomiting or thunderstorms. However, many anxiety disorders share symptoms, and children typically do not fit neatly into one category.<\/p>But psychologists typically observe some common patterns when it comes to anxiety. These include negative self-talk such as \u201cI\u2019m going to fail my math test\u201d or \u201cEveryone will laugh at me,\u201d and emotion regulation difficulties, like increased tantrums, anger or sensitivity to criticism. Other typical patterns include behavioral avoidance, such as reluctance or refusal to participate in activities or interact with others.<\/p>Anxiety can also show up as physical symptoms that lack a root physiological cause. For example, a child may complain of stomachaches or headaches or general malaise. In fact, studies suggest that spotting youths with anxiety in pediatric settings may simply occur through identification of children with medically unexplained physical symptoms<\/a>.<\/p>The distinction we are aiming for in screening is identifying the magnitude of symptoms and their impact. In other words, how much do the symptoms interfere with the child\u2019s daily functioning? Some anxiety is normal and, in fact, necessary and helpful.<\/p>5. What are the recommendations for supporting kids with anxiety?<\/h2>The key to an effective screening process is that it be connected to evidence-based care.<\/p>The good news is that we now have decades of high-quality research demonstrating how to effectively intervene to reduce symptoms and to help anxious youth cope and function better. These include both medications or therapeutic approaches like cognitive behavioral therapy, which studies show to be safe and effective<\/a>.<\/p>This is an updated version of an article originally published on May 13, 2022<\/a>.<\/em><\/p>Elana Bernstein<\/a>, Assistant Professor of School Psychology, University of Dayton<\/a><\/em><\/p>This article is republished from The Conversation<\/a> under a Creative Commons license. Read the original article<\/a>.\u00a0The<\/span>\u00a0Conversation<\/span>\u00a0is a nonprofit news source dedicated to spreading ideas and expertise from academia into\u00a0the<\/span>\u00a0public discourse.\u00a0\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>
In October 2022 the U.N. listed 7.6 million Ukrainian refugees\u00a0across Europe, including 2.85 million in Russia\u2014many of the latter were sent there by Russian occupiers and were subjected\u00a0to a \u201cfiltration\u201d process with credible reports of war crimes emerging, including evidence of\u00a0executions and torture. Some 4.2 million Ukrainian refugees have registered for the EU\u2019s temporary protection scheme or other national programs. A further\u00a03.1 million had returned to Ukraine\u00a0as of June 2022\u00a0when the\u00a0U.N. also noted 6.9 million internally displaced peoples. In all, nearly one-third of Ukrainians have been displaced.\u00a0A further 13 million are stranded\u00a0within Ukraine due to fighting, impassable routes, or lack of resources to move.<\/p>
Most refugees are now in wealthier EU countries after first crossing into neighboring Poland (5.4 million), Hungary (1.2 million), Romania (1 million), Slovakia (690,000), and Moldova (573,000).<\/p>
Greatly facilitating this influx was the EU\u2019s Temporary Protection regime for Ukrainians that ensures the right to work, health, education, shelter, and financial support for up to three years. Also helpful were the EU\u2019s Ukrainian diaspora,\u00a0including 1.4 million in Poland, 250,000 in Italy,\u00a0and more elsewhere.<\/p>
The magnitude and rapidity of the influx and the large numbers returning are unprecedented even if global experience shows that\u00a0\u201crefugees do not fully cease returning at any time\u201d. The numerousness of returnees is due to a peaceful border area, the large number of separated families as men 18-60 years old are prohibited from leaving Ukraine, and trust in re-entering the EU. Ukrainian resistance and Russian withdrawals from around cities like Kyiv and elsewhere also mattered.<\/p>
Read the full article about Ukrainian refugees by Omer Karasapan at Brookings.Read the full article<\/a><\/button><\/p>","excerpt":"In October 2022 the U.N. listed 7.6 million Ukrainian refugees\u00a0across Europe, including 2.85 million in Russia\u2014many of the latter were sent there by Russian occupiers and were subjected\u00a0to a \u201cfiltration\u201d process with credible reports of war crimes","byline":"","author":"Giving Compass","author_bio":null,"author_img_url":null,"publisher":"Brookings","type":"post","image":null,"gc_medium_image":"https:\/\/cdn.www.hbhuluo.com\/images\/categories\/featured-category-human-rights.jpg","has_featured_image":false,"img_alt":"","img_caption":"","gc_selection":false,"url":"\/\/www.hbhuluo.com\/article\/the-influx-of-ukrainian-refugees-in-europe","is_gc_original":false,"is_evergreen":false,"footnotes":null,"audio":false,"pdf":null,"video":false,"date_added":"Oct 18, 2022","date_modified":"Oct 18, 2022","categories":[{"id":76,"name":"Human Rights","slug":"human-rights"},{"id":110,"name":"Region","slug":"region"},{"id":530,"name":"Europe","slug":"europe"},{"id":756,"name":"Immigrants and Refugees","slug":"immigrants-refugees"},{"id":259853,"name":"Peace and Conflict","slug":"peace-and-conflict"}],"_date_added":1666051200,"_date_modified":1666051200,"_categories":["human-rights","region","europe","immigrants-refugees","peace-and-conflict"],"_tags":[]},{"id":211369,"title":"Microplastics in the Ocean Will Become More Dangerous","summary":"\r\n \tMatt Simon, a science journalist for Wired, details the harms of microplastics and the effects of pollution in his book,\u00a0A Poison Like No Other.\u00a0<\/em><\/li>\r\n \tWhat are the implications for marine life as the presence of microplastics in the ocean worsens?<\/li>\r\n \tLearn more about the impact of microplastics on marine fish species.<\/a><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>","intro":null,"content":"When you think of plastic pollution, you might imagine ocean \u201cgarbage patches\u201d swirling with tens of millions of plastic bottles and shopping bags. But unfolding alongside the \u201cmacroplastic\u201d pollution crisis is another threat caused by much smaller particles: microplastics.Microplastics \u2014 tiny plastic fragments that are less than 5 millimeters in diameter, a little less than one-third the size of a dime \u2014 have become ubiquitous in the environment. They form when larger plastic items like water bottles, grocery bags, and food wrappers are exposed to the elements, chipping into smaller and smaller pieces as they degrade. Smaller plastic fragments can get down into the nano territory, spanning just 0.000001 millimeter \u2014 a tiny fraction of the width of a human hair.These plastic particles do many of the same bad things that larger plastic items do: mar the land and sea, leach toxic chemicals into the food chain. But scientists are increasingly worried about their potential impact on the global climate system. Not only do microplastics\u00a0release potent greenhouse gases as they break down, but they also may be\u00a0inhibiting one of the world\u2019s most important carbon sinks, preventing planet-warming carbon molecules from being locked away in the seafloor.Matt Simon, a science journalist for Wired, details the danger in his forthcoming book on microplastics,\u00a0A Poison Like No Other. He told Grist that it\u2019s still early days for some of this research but that the problem could be \u201chugely important going forward.\u201dTo understand the potential magnitude, you first have to understand an ocean phenomenon called the \u201cbiological carbon pump.\u201d This process \u2014 which involves a complex network of physical, chemical, and biological factors \u2014 sequesters up to\u00a012 billion metric tons of carbon at the bottom of the ocean each year, potentially locking away\u00a0one-third of humanity\u2019s annual emissions. Without this vital system, scientists estimate that atmospheric CO2 concentrations, which recently hit a new record high of\u00a0421 parts per million, could be up to\u00a0250 parts per million higher.Read the full article about microplastics in the ocean by Joseph Winters at Grist.Read the full article","html_content":"When you think of plastic pollution, you might imagine ocean \u201cgarbage patches\u201d swirling with tens of millions of plastic bottles and shopping bags. But unfolding alongside the \u201cmacroplastic\u201d pollution crisis is another threat caused by much smaller particles: microplastics.<\/p>Microplastics \u2014 tiny plastic fragments that are less than 5 millimeters in diameter, a little less than one-third the size of a dime \u2014 have become ubiquitous in the environment. They form when larger plastic items like water bottles, grocery bags, and food wrappers are exposed to the elements, chipping into smaller and smaller pieces as they degrade. Smaller plastic fragments can get down into the nano territory, spanning just 0.000001 millimeter \u2014 a tiny fraction of the width of a human hair.<\/p>These plastic particles do many of the same bad things that larger plastic items do: mar the land and sea, leach toxic chemicals into the food chain. But scientists are increasingly worried about their potential impact on the global climate system. Not only do microplastics\u00a0release potent greenhouse gases as they break down, but they also may be\u00a0inhibiting one of the world\u2019s most important carbon sinks, preventing planet-warming carbon molecules from being locked away in the seafloor.<\/p>Matt Simon, a science journalist for Wired, details the danger in his forthcoming book on microplastics,\u00a0A Poison Like No Other. He told Grist that it\u2019s still early days for some of this research but that the problem could be \u201chugely important going forward.\u201d<\/p>To understand the potential magnitude, you first have to understand an ocean phenomenon called the \u201cbiological carbon pump.\u201d This process \u2014 which involves a complex network of physical, chemical, and biological factors \u2014 sequesters up to\u00a012 billion metric tons of carbon at the bottom of the ocean each year, potentially locking away\u00a0one-third of humanity\u2019s annual emissions. Without this vital system, scientists estimate that atmospheric CO2 concentrations, which recently hit a new record high of\u00a0421 parts per million, could be up to\u00a0250 parts per million higher.<\/p>Read the full article about microplastics in the ocean by Joseph Winters at Grist.Read the full article<\/a><\/button><\/p>","excerpt":"When you think of plastic pollution, you might imagine ocean \u201cgarbage patches\u201d swirling with tens of millions of plastic bottles and shopping bags. But unfolding alongside the \u201cmacroplastic\u201d pollution crisis is another threat caused by much smalle","byline":"","author":"Giving Compass","author_bio":null,"author_img_url":null,"publisher":"Grist","type":"post","image":null,"gc_medium_image":"https:\/\/cdn.www.hbhuluo.com\/images\/categories\/featured-category-environment.jpg","has_featured_image":false,"img_alt":"","img_caption":"","gc_selection":false,"url":"\/\/www.hbhuluo.com\/article\/climate-change-and-ocean-plastic-pollution","is_gc_original":false,"is_evergreen":false,"footnotes":null,"audio":false,"pdf":null,"video":false,"date_added":"Oct 18, 2022","date_modified":"Oct 18, 2022","categories":[{"id":58,"name":"Environment","slug":"environment"},{"id":59,"name":"Climate","slug":"climate"},{"id":110,"name":"Region","slug":"region"},{"id":122,"name":"Global","slug":"global"},{"id":177,"name":"Natural Resources","slug":"natural-resources"},{"id":176565,"name":"Scientific Research","slug":"scientific-research"},{"id":176571,"name":"Research","slug":"research"},{"id":248072,"name":"Pollution","slug":"pollution"}],"_date_added":1666051200,"_date_modified":1666051200,"_categories":["environment","climate","region","global","natural-resources","scientific-research","research","pollution"],"_tags":[]},{"id":211355,"title":"Anxiety Detection Screenings in Early Childhood Are Paramount for Early Treatment","summary":"\r\n \tElana Bernstein, a school psychologist, explains why early anxiety screenings for children 8-18 can help treat young people struggling with mental health.<\/li>\r\n \tWhat are the long-term benefits of these screenings? How can donors help support mental health policy recommendations?<\/li>\r\n \tRead more on why kids are more depressed and anxious.\u00a0<\/a><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>","intro":null,"content":"The U.S. Preventive Services Task Force, an independent panel of experts in primary care and prevention, issued a final recommendation on Oct. 11, 2022, published in the journal JAMA, stating that all children and adolescents between the ages of 8 and 18 should be screened for anxiety, regardless of whether they have symptoms. The recommendation follows a systematic review that evaluated the potential harms and benefits of screening.The Conversation asked Elana Bernstein, a school psychologist who researches child and adolescent anxiety, to explain the task force\u2019s recommendations and what they might mean for kids, parents and providers.1. Why is the task force recommending young kids be screened?Nearly 80% of chronic mental health conditions emerge in childhood, and when help is eventually sought, it is often years after the problem\u2019s onset. In general, recommendations to screen for mental health disorders are based on research demonstrating that youths do not typically seek help independently, and that parents and teachers are not always skilled at correctly identifying problems or knowing how to respond.Anxiety is the most common mental health problem affecting children and adolescents. Epidemiological studies indicate that 7.1% of children are diagnosed with anxiety disorders. However, studies also estimate that upwards of 10% to 21% of children and adolescents struggle with an anxiety disorder and as many as 30% of children experience moderate anxiety that interferes with their daily functioning at some time in their life.This tells us that many kids experience anxiety at a level that interferes with their daily functioning, even if they are never formally diagnosed. Additionally, there is a well-established evidence base for treating childhood anxiety.The task force evaluated the best available research and concluded that, while there are gaps in the evidence base, the benefits of screening are clear. Untreated anxiety disorders in children result in added burdens to the public health system. So from a cost-benefit perspective, the cost-effectiveness of screening for anxiety and providing preventive treatment is favorable, while, as the task force pointed out, the harms are negligible.The task force recommendation to screen kids as young as age 8 is driven by the research literature. Anxiety disorders are most likely to first show up during the elementary school years. And the typical age of onset for anxiety is among the earliest of all childhood mental health diagnoses. The panel also pointed to a lack of accurate screening instruments available to detect anxiety among younger children; as a result, it concluded that there is not sufficient evidence to recommend screening children age 7 or younger.Anxiety disorders can persist into adulthood, particularly those disorders with early onsets and those that are left untreated. Individuals who experience anxiety in childhood are more likely to deal with it in adulthood, too, along with other mental health disorders like depression and an overall diminished quality of life. The task force considered these long-term impacts in making its recommendations, noting that screening in children as young as 8 may alleviate a preventable burden for families.2. How can care providers identify anxiety in young kids?In general, it is easier to accurately identify anxiety when the child\u2019s symptoms are behavioral in nature, such as refusing to go to school or avoiding social situations. While the task force recommended that screening take place in primary care settings \u2013 such as a pediatrician\u2019s office \u2013 the research literature also supports in-school screening for mental health problems, including anxiety.Fortunately, in the past three decades, considerable advances have been made in mental health screening tools, including for anxiety. The evidence-based strategies for identifying anxiety in children and adolescents are centered on collecting observations from multiple perspectives, including the child, parent and teacher, to provide a complete picture of the child\u2019s functioning in school, at home and in the community.Anxiety is what\u2019s called an internalizing trait, meaning that the symptoms may not be observable to those around the person. This makes accurate identification more challenging, though certainly possible. Therefore, psychologists recommend including the child in the screening process to the degree possible based on age and development.Among the youths who are actually treated for mental health problems, nearly two-thirds receive those services at school, making school-based screening a logical practice.3. How would the screening be carried out?Universal screening for all children, including those with no symptoms or diagnoses, is a preventive approach to identifying youths who are at risk. This includes those who may need further diagnostic evaluation or those would benefit from early intervention.In both cases, the aim is to reduce symptoms and to preve...","html_content":"The U.S. Preventive Services Task Force, an independent panel of experts in primary care and prevention, issued a final recommendation on Oct. 11, 2022, published in the journal JAMA<\/a>, stating that all children and adolescents between the ages of 8 and 18 should be screened for anxiety, regardless of whether they have symptoms. The recommendation follows a systematic review that evaluated the potential harms and benefits of screening.<\/em><\/p>The Conversation asked Elana Bernstein, a school psychologist who researches child and adolescent anxiety, to explain the task force\u2019s recommendations and what they might mean for kids, parents and providers.<\/em><\/p>1. Why is the task force recommending young kids be screened?<\/h2>Nearly 80% of chronic mental health conditions emerge in childhood<\/a>, and when help is eventually sought, it is often years after the problem\u2019s onset. In general, recommendations to screen for mental health disorders are based on research demonstrating that youths do not typically seek help independently, and that parents<\/a> and teachers<\/a> are not always skilled at correctly identifying problems or knowing how to respond.<\/p>Anxiety is the most common<\/a> mental health problem affecting children and adolescents. Epidemiological studies indicate that 7.1% of children are diagnosed with anxiety disorders<\/a>. However, studies also estimate that upwards of 10% to 21% of children and adolescents struggle with an anxiety disorder and as many as 30% of children<\/a> experience moderate anxiety that interferes with their daily functioning at some time in their life.<\/p>This tells us that many kids experience anxiety at a level that interferes with their daily functioning, even if they are never formally diagnosed. Additionally, there is a well-established evidence base<\/a> for treating childhood anxiety.<\/p>The task force evaluated the best available research and concluded that, while there are gaps in the evidence base, the benefits of screening are clear. Untreated anxiety disorders in children result in added burdens<\/a> to the public health system. So from a cost-benefit perspective, the cost-effectiveness of screening for anxiety and providing preventive treatment is favorable, while, as the task force pointed out, the harms are negligible.<\/p>The task force recommendation to screen kids as young as age 8 is driven by the research literature. Anxiety disorders are most likely to first show up during the elementary school years. And the typical age of onset for anxiety is among the earliest<\/a> of all childhood mental health diagnoses. The panel also pointed to a lack of accurate screening instruments available to detect anxiety among younger children; as a result, it concluded that there is not sufficient evidence to recommend screening children age 7 or younger.<\/p>Anxiety disorders can persist into adulthood, particularly those disorders with early onsets and those that are left untreated. Individuals who experience anxiety in childhood are more likely to deal with it in adulthood, too, along with other mental health disorders like depression<\/a> and an overall diminished quality of life. The task force considered these long-term impacts in making its recommendations, noting that screening in children as young as 8 may alleviate a preventable burden for families.<\/p>2. How can care providers identify anxiety in young kids?<\/h2>In general, it is easier to accurately identify anxiety when the child\u2019s symptoms are behavioral in nature, such as refusing to go to school or avoiding social situations. While the task force recommended that screening take place in primary care settings \u2013 such as a pediatrician\u2019s office \u2013 the research literature also supports in-school screening for mental health problems<\/a>, including anxiety.<\/p>Fortunately, in the past three decades, considerable advances have been made in mental health screening tools, including for anxiety. The evidence-based strategies for identifying anxiety in children and adolescents are centered on collecting observations from multiple perspectives, including the child, parent and teacher, to provide a complete picture of the child\u2019s functioning in school, at home and in the community.<\/p>Anxiety is what\u2019s called an internalizing trait, meaning that the symptoms may not be observable to those around the person. This makes accurate identification more challenging, though certainly possible. Therefore, psychologists recommend including the child in the screening process to the degree possible based on age and development.<\/p>Among the youths who are actually treated for mental health problems, nearly two-thirds receive those services at school<\/a>, making school-based screening a logical practice.<\/p>3. How would the screening be carried out?<\/h2>Universal screening for all children, including those with no symptoms or diagnoses, is a preventive approach to identifying youths who are at risk. This includes those who may need further diagnostic evaluation or those would benefit from early intervention.<\/p>In both cases, the aim is to reduce symptoms and to prevent lifelong chronic mental health problems. But it is important to note that a screening does not equate to a diagnosis, something that the task force highlighted in its recommendation statement.<\/p>Diagnostic assessment is more in-depth and costs more, while screening is intended to be brief, efficient and cost-effective. Screening for anxiety in a primary-care setting may involve completion of short questionnaires by the child and\/or parent, similar to how pediatricians frequently screen kids<\/a> for attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder, or ADHD<\/a>.<\/p>The task force did not recommend a single method or tool, nor a particular time interval, for screening. Instead, care providers were advised to consider the evidence in the task force\u2019s recommendation and apply it to the particular child or situation. The task force did point to multiple available screening tools such as the Screen for Child Anxiety Related Emotional Disorders<\/a> and the Patient Health Questionnaire Screeners<\/a> for generalized anxiety disorder, which accurately identify anxiety. These assess general emotional and behavioral health, including questions specific to anxiety. Both are available at no cost.<\/p>4. What are care providers looking for when screening for anxiety?<\/h2>A child\u2019s symptoms can vary depending on the type of anxiety they have. For instance, social anxiety disorder involves fear and anxiety in social situations, while specific phobias involve fear of a particular stimulus, such as vomiting or thunderstorms. However, many anxiety disorders share symptoms, and children typically do not fit neatly into one category.<\/p>But psychologists typically observe some common patterns when it comes to anxiety. These include negative self-talk such as \u201cI\u2019m going to fail my math test\u201d or \u201cEveryone will laugh at me,\u201d and emotion regulation difficulties, like increased tantrums, anger or sensitivity to criticism. Other typical patterns include behavioral avoidance, such as reluctance or refusal to participate in activities or interact with others.<\/p>Anxiety can also show up as physical symptoms that lack a root physiological cause. For example, a child may complain of stomachaches or headaches or general malaise. In fact, studies suggest that spotting youths with anxiety in pediatric settings may simply occur through identification of children with medically unexplained physical symptoms<\/a>.<\/p>The distinction we are aiming for in screening is identifying the magnitude of symptoms and their impact. In other words, how much do the symptoms interfere with the child\u2019s daily functioning? Some anxiety is normal and, in fact, necessary and helpful.<\/p>5. What are the recommendations for supporting kids with anxiety?<\/h2>The key to an effective screening process is that it be connected to evidence-based care.<\/p>The good news is that we now have decades of high-quality research demonstrating how to effectively intervene to reduce symptoms and to help anxious youth cope and function better. These include both medications or therapeutic approaches like cognitive behavioral therapy, which studies show to be safe and effective<\/a>.<\/p>This is an updated version of an article originally published on May 13, 2022<\/a>.<\/em><\/p>Elana Bernstein<\/a>, Assistant Professor of School Psychology, University of Dayton<\/a><\/em><\/p>This article is republished from The Conversation<\/a> under a Creative Commons license. Read the original article<\/a>.\u00a0The<\/span>\u00a0Conversation<\/span>\u00a0is a nonprofit news source dedicated to spreading ideas and expertise from academia into\u00a0the<\/span>\u00a0public discourse.\u00a0\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>
When you think of plastic pollution, you might imagine ocean \u201cgarbage patches\u201d swirling with tens of millions of plastic bottles and shopping bags. But unfolding alongside the \u201cmacroplastic\u201d pollution crisis is another threat caused by much smaller particles: microplastics.<\/p>
Microplastics \u2014 tiny plastic fragments that are less than 5 millimeters in diameter, a little less than one-third the size of a dime \u2014 have become ubiquitous in the environment. They form when larger plastic items like water bottles, grocery bags, and food wrappers are exposed to the elements, chipping into smaller and smaller pieces as they degrade. Smaller plastic fragments can get down into the nano territory, spanning just 0.000001 millimeter \u2014 a tiny fraction of the width of a human hair.<\/p>
These plastic particles do many of the same bad things that larger plastic items do: mar the land and sea, leach toxic chemicals into the food chain. But scientists are increasingly worried about their potential impact on the global climate system. Not only do microplastics\u00a0release potent greenhouse gases as they break down, but they also may be\u00a0inhibiting one of the world\u2019s most important carbon sinks, preventing planet-warming carbon molecules from being locked away in the seafloor.<\/p>
Matt Simon, a science journalist for Wired, details the danger in his forthcoming book on microplastics,\u00a0A Poison Like No Other. He told Grist that it\u2019s still early days for some of this research but that the problem could be \u201chugely important going forward.\u201d<\/p>
To understand the potential magnitude, you first have to understand an ocean phenomenon called the \u201cbiological carbon pump.\u201d This process \u2014 which involves a complex network of physical, chemical, and biological factors \u2014 sequesters up to\u00a012 billion metric tons of carbon at the bottom of the ocean each year, potentially locking away\u00a0one-third of humanity\u2019s annual emissions. Without this vital system, scientists estimate that atmospheric CO2 concentrations, which recently hit a new record high of\u00a0421 parts per million, could be up to\u00a0250 parts per million higher.<\/p>
Read the full article about microplastics in the ocean by Joseph Winters at Grist.Read the full article<\/a><\/button><\/p>","excerpt":"When you think of plastic pollution, you might imagine ocean \u201cgarbage patches\u201d swirling with tens of millions of plastic bottles and shopping bags. But unfolding alongside the \u201cmacroplastic\u201d pollution crisis is another threat caused by much smalle","byline":"","author":"Giving Compass","author_bio":null,"author_img_url":null,"publisher":"Grist","type":"post","image":null,"gc_medium_image":"https:\/\/cdn.www.hbhuluo.com\/images\/categories\/featured-category-environment.jpg","has_featured_image":false,"img_alt":"","img_caption":"","gc_selection":false,"url":"\/\/www.hbhuluo.com\/article\/climate-change-and-ocean-plastic-pollution","is_gc_original":false,"is_evergreen":false,"footnotes":null,"audio":false,"pdf":null,"video":false,"date_added":"Oct 18, 2022","date_modified":"Oct 18, 2022","categories":[{"id":58,"name":"Environment","slug":"environment"},{"id":59,"name":"Climate","slug":"climate"},{"id":110,"name":"Region","slug":"region"},{"id":122,"name":"Global","slug":"global"},{"id":177,"name":"Natural Resources","slug":"natural-resources"},{"id":176565,"name":"Scientific Research","slug":"scientific-research"},{"id":176571,"name":"Research","slug":"research"},{"id":248072,"name":"Pollution","slug":"pollution"}],"_date_added":1666051200,"_date_modified":1666051200,"_categories":["environment","climate","region","global","natural-resources","scientific-research","research","pollution"],"_tags":[]},{"id":211355,"title":"Anxiety Detection Screenings in Early Childhood Are Paramount for Early Treatment","summary":"\r\n \tElana Bernstein, a school psychologist, explains why early anxiety screenings for children 8-18 can help treat young people struggling with mental health.<\/li>\r\n \tWhat are the long-term benefits of these screenings? How can donors help support mental health policy recommendations?<\/li>\r\n \tRead more on why kids are more depressed and anxious.\u00a0<\/a><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>","intro":null,"content":"The U.S. Preventive Services Task Force, an independent panel of experts in primary care and prevention, issued a final recommendation on Oct. 11, 2022, published in the journal JAMA, stating that all children and adolescents between the ages of 8 and 18 should be screened for anxiety, regardless of whether they have symptoms. The recommendation follows a systematic review that evaluated the potential harms and benefits of screening.The Conversation asked Elana Bernstein, a school psychologist who researches child and adolescent anxiety, to explain the task force\u2019s recommendations and what they might mean for kids, parents and providers.1. Why is the task force recommending young kids be screened?Nearly 80% of chronic mental health conditions emerge in childhood, and when help is eventually sought, it is often years after the problem\u2019s onset. In general, recommendations to screen for mental health disorders are based on research demonstrating that youths do not typically seek help independently, and that parents and teachers are not always skilled at correctly identifying problems or knowing how to respond.Anxiety is the most common mental health problem affecting children and adolescents. Epidemiological studies indicate that 7.1% of children are diagnosed with anxiety disorders. However, studies also estimate that upwards of 10% to 21% of children and adolescents struggle with an anxiety disorder and as many as 30% of children experience moderate anxiety that interferes with their daily functioning at some time in their life.This tells us that many kids experience anxiety at a level that interferes with their daily functioning, even if they are never formally diagnosed. Additionally, there is a well-established evidence base for treating childhood anxiety.The task force evaluated the best available research and concluded that, while there are gaps in the evidence base, the benefits of screening are clear. Untreated anxiety disorders in children result in added burdens to the public health system. So from a cost-benefit perspective, the cost-effectiveness of screening for anxiety and providing preventive treatment is favorable, while, as the task force pointed out, the harms are negligible.The task force recommendation to screen kids as young as age 8 is driven by the research literature. Anxiety disorders are most likely to first show up during the elementary school years. And the typical age of onset for anxiety is among the earliest of all childhood mental health diagnoses. The panel also pointed to a lack of accurate screening instruments available to detect anxiety among younger children; as a result, it concluded that there is not sufficient evidence to recommend screening children age 7 or younger.Anxiety disorders can persist into adulthood, particularly those disorders with early onsets and those that are left untreated. Individuals who experience anxiety in childhood are more likely to deal with it in adulthood, too, along with other mental health disorders like depression and an overall diminished quality of life. The task force considered these long-term impacts in making its recommendations, noting that screening in children as young as 8 may alleviate a preventable burden for families.2. How can care providers identify anxiety in young kids?In general, it is easier to accurately identify anxiety when the child\u2019s symptoms are behavioral in nature, such as refusing to go to school or avoiding social situations. While the task force recommended that screening take place in primary care settings \u2013 such as a pediatrician\u2019s office \u2013 the research literature also supports in-school screening for mental health problems, including anxiety.Fortunately, in the past three decades, considerable advances have been made in mental health screening tools, including for anxiety. The evidence-based strategies for identifying anxiety in children and adolescents are centered on collecting observations from multiple perspectives, including the child, parent and teacher, to provide a complete picture of the child\u2019s functioning in school, at home and in the community.Anxiety is what\u2019s called an internalizing trait, meaning that the symptoms may not be observable to those around the person. This makes accurate identification more challenging, though certainly possible. Therefore, psychologists recommend including the child in the screening process to the degree possible based on age and development.Among the youths who are actually treated for mental health problems, nearly two-thirds receive those services at school, making school-based screening a logical practice.3. How would the screening be carried out?Universal screening for all children, including those with no symptoms or diagnoses, is a preventive approach to identifying youths who are at risk. This includes those who may need further diagnostic evaluation or those would benefit from early intervention.In both cases, the aim is to reduce symptoms and to preve...","html_content":"The U.S. Preventive Services Task Force, an independent panel of experts in primary care and prevention, issued a final recommendation on Oct. 11, 2022, published in the journal JAMA<\/a>, stating that all children and adolescents between the ages of 8 and 18 should be screened for anxiety, regardless of whether they have symptoms. The recommendation follows a systematic review that evaluated the potential harms and benefits of screening.<\/em><\/p>The Conversation asked Elana Bernstein, a school psychologist who researches child and adolescent anxiety, to explain the task force\u2019s recommendations and what they might mean for kids, parents and providers.<\/em><\/p>1. Why is the task force recommending young kids be screened?<\/h2>Nearly 80% of chronic mental health conditions emerge in childhood<\/a>, and when help is eventually sought, it is often years after the problem\u2019s onset. In general, recommendations to screen for mental health disorders are based on research demonstrating that youths do not typically seek help independently, and that parents<\/a> and teachers<\/a> are not always skilled at correctly identifying problems or knowing how to respond.<\/p>Anxiety is the most common<\/a> mental health problem affecting children and adolescents. Epidemiological studies indicate that 7.1% of children are diagnosed with anxiety disorders<\/a>. However, studies also estimate that upwards of 10% to 21% of children and adolescents struggle with an anxiety disorder and as many as 30% of children<\/a> experience moderate anxiety that interferes with their daily functioning at some time in their life.<\/p>This tells us that many kids experience anxiety at a level that interferes with their daily functioning, even if they are never formally diagnosed. Additionally, there is a well-established evidence base<\/a> for treating childhood anxiety.<\/p>The task force evaluated the best available research and concluded that, while there are gaps in the evidence base, the benefits of screening are clear. Untreated anxiety disorders in children result in added burdens<\/a> to the public health system. So from a cost-benefit perspective, the cost-effectiveness of screening for anxiety and providing preventive treatment is favorable, while, as the task force pointed out, the harms are negligible.<\/p>The task force recommendation to screen kids as young as age 8 is driven by the research literature. Anxiety disorders are most likely to first show up during the elementary school years. And the typical age of onset for anxiety is among the earliest<\/a> of all childhood mental health diagnoses. The panel also pointed to a lack of accurate screening instruments available to detect anxiety among younger children; as a result, it concluded that there is not sufficient evidence to recommend screening children age 7 or younger.<\/p>Anxiety disorders can persist into adulthood, particularly those disorders with early onsets and those that are left untreated. Individuals who experience anxiety in childhood are more likely to deal with it in adulthood, too, along with other mental health disorders like depression<\/a> and an overall diminished quality of life. The task force considered these long-term impacts in making its recommendations, noting that screening in children as young as 8 may alleviate a preventable burden for families.<\/p>2. How can care providers identify anxiety in young kids?<\/h2>In general, it is easier to accurately identify anxiety when the child\u2019s symptoms are behavioral in nature, such as refusing to go to school or avoiding social situations. While the task force recommended that screening take place in primary care settings \u2013 such as a pediatrician\u2019s office \u2013 the research literature also supports in-school screening for mental health problems<\/a>, including anxiety.<\/p>Fortunately, in the past three decades, considerable advances have been made in mental health screening tools, including for anxiety. The evidence-based strategies for identifying anxiety in children and adolescents are centered on collecting observations from multiple perspectives, including the child, parent and teacher, to provide a complete picture of the child\u2019s functioning in school, at home and in the community.<\/p>Anxiety is what\u2019s called an internalizing trait, meaning that the symptoms may not be observable to those around the person. This makes accurate identification more challenging, though certainly possible. Therefore, psychologists recommend including the child in the screening process to the degree possible based on age and development.<\/p>Among the youths who are actually treated for mental health problems, nearly two-thirds receive those services at school<\/a>, making school-based screening a logical practice.<\/p>3. How would the screening be carried out?<\/h2>Universal screening for all children, including those with no symptoms or diagnoses, is a preventive approach to identifying youths who are at risk. This includes those who may need further diagnostic evaluation or those would benefit from early intervention.<\/p>In both cases, the aim is to reduce symptoms and to prevent lifelong chronic mental health problems. But it is important to note that a screening does not equate to a diagnosis, something that the task force highlighted in its recommendation statement.<\/p>Diagnostic assessment is more in-depth and costs more, while screening is intended to be brief, efficient and cost-effective. Screening for anxiety in a primary-care setting may involve completion of short questionnaires by the child and\/or parent, similar to how pediatricians frequently screen kids<\/a> for attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder, or ADHD<\/a>.<\/p>The task force did not recommend a single method or tool, nor a particular time interval, for screening. Instead, care providers were advised to consider the evidence in the task force\u2019s recommendation and apply it to the particular child or situation. The task force did point to multiple available screening tools such as the Screen for Child Anxiety Related Emotional Disorders<\/a> and the Patient Health Questionnaire Screeners<\/a> for generalized anxiety disorder, which accurately identify anxiety. These assess general emotional and behavioral health, including questions specific to anxiety. Both are available at no cost.<\/p>4. What are care providers looking for when screening for anxiety?<\/h2>A child\u2019s symptoms can vary depending on the type of anxiety they have. For instance, social anxiety disorder involves fear and anxiety in social situations, while specific phobias involve fear of a particular stimulus, such as vomiting or thunderstorms. However, many anxiety disorders share symptoms, and children typically do not fit neatly into one category.<\/p>But psychologists typically observe some common patterns when it comes to anxiety. These include negative self-talk such as \u201cI\u2019m going to fail my math test\u201d or \u201cEveryone will laugh at me,\u201d and emotion regulation difficulties, like increased tantrums, anger or sensitivity to criticism. Other typical patterns include behavioral avoidance, such as reluctance or refusal to participate in activities or interact with others.<\/p>Anxiety can also show up as physical symptoms that lack a root physiological cause. For example, a child may complain of stomachaches or headaches or general malaise. In fact, studies suggest that spotting youths with anxiety in pediatric settings may simply occur through identification of children with medically unexplained physical symptoms<\/a>.<\/p>The distinction we are aiming for in screening is identifying the magnitude of symptoms and their impact. In other words, how much do the symptoms interfere with the child\u2019s daily functioning? Some anxiety is normal and, in fact, necessary and helpful.<\/p>5. What are the recommendations for supporting kids with anxiety?<\/h2>The key to an effective screening process is that it be connected to evidence-based care.<\/p>The good news is that we now have decades of high-quality research demonstrating how to effectively intervene to reduce symptoms and to help anxious youth cope and function better. These include both medications or therapeutic approaches like cognitive behavioral therapy, which studies show to be safe and effective<\/a>.<\/p>This is an updated version of an article originally published on May 13, 2022<\/a>.<\/em><\/p>Elana Bernstein<\/a>, Assistant Professor of School Psychology, University of Dayton<\/a><\/em><\/p>This article is republished from The Conversation<\/a> under a Creative Commons license. Read the original article<\/a>.\u00a0The<\/span>\u00a0Conversation<\/span>\u00a0is a nonprofit news source dedicated to spreading ideas and expertise from academia into\u00a0the<\/span>\u00a0public discourse.\u00a0\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>
The U.S. Preventive Services Task Force, an independent panel of experts in primary care and prevention, issued a final recommendation on Oct. 11, 2022, published in the journal JAMA<\/a>, stating that all children and adolescents between the ages of 8 and 18 should be screened for anxiety, regardless of whether they have symptoms. The recommendation follows a systematic review that evaluated the potential harms and benefits of screening.<\/em><\/p>The Conversation asked Elana Bernstein, a school psychologist who researches child and adolescent anxiety, to explain the task force\u2019s recommendations and what they might mean for kids, parents and providers.<\/em><\/p>1. Why is the task force recommending young kids be screened?<\/h2>Nearly 80% of chronic mental health conditions emerge in childhood<\/a>, and when help is eventually sought, it is often years after the problem\u2019s onset. In general, recommendations to screen for mental health disorders are based on research demonstrating that youths do not typically seek help independently, and that parents<\/a> and teachers<\/a> are not always skilled at correctly identifying problems or knowing how to respond.<\/p>Anxiety is the most common<\/a> mental health problem affecting children and adolescents. Epidemiological studies indicate that 7.1% of children are diagnosed with anxiety disorders<\/a>. However, studies also estimate that upwards of 10% to 21% of children and adolescents struggle with an anxiety disorder and as many as 30% of children<\/a> experience moderate anxiety that interferes with their daily functioning at some time in their life.<\/p>This tells us that many kids experience anxiety at a level that interferes with their daily functioning, even if they are never formally diagnosed. Additionally, there is a well-established evidence base<\/a> for treating childhood anxiety.<\/p>The task force evaluated the best available research and concluded that, while there are gaps in the evidence base, the benefits of screening are clear. Untreated anxiety disorders in children result in added burdens<\/a> to the public health system. So from a cost-benefit perspective, the cost-effectiveness of screening for anxiety and providing preventive treatment is favorable, while, as the task force pointed out, the harms are negligible.<\/p>The task force recommendation to screen kids as young as age 8 is driven by the research literature. Anxiety disorders are most likely to first show up during the elementary school years. And the typical age of onset for anxiety is among the earliest<\/a> of all childhood mental health diagnoses. The panel also pointed to a lack of accurate screening instruments available to detect anxiety among younger children; as a result, it concluded that there is not sufficient evidence to recommend screening children age 7 or younger.<\/p>Anxiety disorders can persist into adulthood, particularly those disorders with early onsets and those that are left untreated. Individuals who experience anxiety in childhood are more likely to deal with it in adulthood, too, along with other mental health disorders like depression<\/a> and an overall diminished quality of life. The task force considered these long-term impacts in making its recommendations, noting that screening in children as young as 8 may alleviate a preventable burden for families.<\/p>2. How can care providers identify anxiety in young kids?<\/h2>In general, it is easier to accurately identify anxiety when the child\u2019s symptoms are behavioral in nature, such as refusing to go to school or avoiding social situations. While the task force recommended that screening take place in primary care settings \u2013 such as a pediatrician\u2019s office \u2013 the research literature also supports in-school screening for mental health problems<\/a>, including anxiety.<\/p>Fortunately, in the past three decades, considerable advances have been made in mental health screening tools, including for anxiety. The evidence-based strategies for identifying anxiety in children and adolescents are centered on collecting observations from multiple perspectives, including the child, parent and teacher, to provide a complete picture of the child\u2019s functioning in school, at home and in the community.<\/p>Anxiety is what\u2019s called an internalizing trait, meaning that the symptoms may not be observable to those around the person. This makes accurate identification more challenging, though certainly possible. Therefore, psychologists recommend including the child in the screening process to the degree possible based on age and development.<\/p>Among the youths who are actually treated for mental health problems, nearly two-thirds receive those services at school<\/a>, making school-based screening a logical practice.<\/p>3. How would the screening be carried out?<\/h2>Universal screening for all children, including those with no symptoms or diagnoses, is a preventive approach to identifying youths who are at risk. This includes those who may need further diagnostic evaluation or those would benefit from early intervention.<\/p>In both cases, the aim is to reduce symptoms and to prevent lifelong chronic mental health problems. But it is important to note that a screening does not equate to a diagnosis, something that the task force highlighted in its recommendation statement.<\/p>Diagnostic assessment is more in-depth and costs more, while screening is intended to be brief, efficient and cost-effective. Screening for anxiety in a primary-care setting may involve completion of short questionnaires by the child and\/or parent, similar to how pediatricians frequently screen kids<\/a> for attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder, or ADHD<\/a>.<\/p>The task force did not recommend a single method or tool, nor a particular time interval, for screening. Instead, care providers were advised to consider the evidence in the task force\u2019s recommendation and apply it to the particular child or situation. The task force did point to multiple available screening tools such as the Screen for Child Anxiety Related Emotional Disorders<\/a> and the Patient Health Questionnaire Screeners<\/a> for generalized anxiety disorder, which accurately identify anxiety. These assess general emotional and behavioral health, including questions specific to anxiety. Both are available at no cost.<\/p>4. What are care providers looking for when screening for anxiety?<\/h2>A child\u2019s symptoms can vary depending on the type of anxiety they have. For instance, social anxiety disorder involves fear and anxiety in social situations, while specific phobias involve fear of a particular stimulus, such as vomiting or thunderstorms. However, many anxiety disorders share symptoms, and children typically do not fit neatly into one category.<\/p>But psychologists typically observe some common patterns when it comes to anxiety. These include negative self-talk such as \u201cI\u2019m going to fail my math test\u201d or \u201cEveryone will laugh at me,\u201d and emotion regulation difficulties, like increased tantrums, anger or sensitivity to criticism. Other typical patterns include behavioral avoidance, such as reluctance or refusal to participate in activities or interact with others.<\/p>Anxiety can also show up as physical symptoms that lack a root physiological cause. For example, a child may complain of stomachaches or headaches or general malaise. In fact, studies suggest that spotting youths with anxiety in pediatric settings may simply occur through identification of children with medically unexplained physical symptoms<\/a>.<\/p>The distinction we are aiming for in screening is identifying the magnitude of symptoms and their impact. In other words, how much do the symptoms interfere with the child\u2019s daily functioning? Some anxiety is normal and, in fact, necessary and helpful.<\/p>5. What are the recommendations for supporting kids with anxiety?<\/h2>The key to an effective screening process is that it be connected to evidence-based care.<\/p>The good news is that we now have decades of high-quality research demonstrating how to effectively intervene to reduce symptoms and to help anxious youth cope and function better. These include both medications or therapeutic approaches like cognitive behavioral therapy, which studies show to be safe and effective<\/a>.<\/p>This is an updated version of an article originally published on May 13, 2022<\/a>.<\/em><\/p>Elana Bernstein<\/a>, Assistant Professor of School Psychology, University of Dayton<\/a><\/em><\/p>This article is republished from The Conversation<\/a> under a Creative Commons license. Read the original article<\/a>.\u00a0The<\/span>\u00a0Conversation<\/span>\u00a0is a nonprofit news source dedicated to spreading ideas and expertise from academia into\u00a0the<\/span>\u00a0public discourse.\u00a0\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>
The Conversation asked Elana Bernstein, a school psychologist who researches child and adolescent anxiety, to explain the task force\u2019s recommendations and what they might mean for kids, parents and providers.<\/em><\/p>1. Why is the task force recommending young kids be screened?<\/h2>Nearly 80% of chronic mental health conditions emerge in childhood<\/a>, and when help is eventually sought, it is often years after the problem\u2019s onset. In general, recommendations to screen for mental health disorders are based on research demonstrating that youths do not typically seek help independently, and that parents<\/a> and teachers<\/a> are not always skilled at correctly identifying problems or knowing how to respond.<\/p>Anxiety is the most common<\/a> mental health problem affecting children and adolescents. Epidemiological studies indicate that 7.1% of children are diagnosed with anxiety disorders<\/a>. However, studies also estimate that upwards of 10% to 21% of children and adolescents struggle with an anxiety disorder and as many as 30% of children<\/a> experience moderate anxiety that interferes with their daily functioning at some time in their life.<\/p>This tells us that many kids experience anxiety at a level that interferes with their daily functioning, even if they are never formally diagnosed. Additionally, there is a well-established evidence base<\/a> for treating childhood anxiety.<\/p>The task force evaluated the best available research and concluded that, while there are gaps in the evidence base, the benefits of screening are clear. Untreated anxiety disorders in children result in added burdens<\/a> to the public health system. So from a cost-benefit perspective, the cost-effectiveness of screening for anxiety and providing preventive treatment is favorable, while, as the task force pointed out, the harms are negligible.<\/p>The task force recommendation to screen kids as young as age 8 is driven by the research literature. Anxiety disorders are most likely to first show up during the elementary school years. And the typical age of onset for anxiety is among the earliest<\/a> of all childhood mental health diagnoses. The panel also pointed to a lack of accurate screening instruments available to detect anxiety among younger children; as a result, it concluded that there is not sufficient evidence to recommend screening children age 7 or younger.<\/p>Anxiety disorders can persist into adulthood, particularly those disorders with early onsets and those that are left untreated. Individuals who experience anxiety in childhood are more likely to deal with it in adulthood, too, along with other mental health disorders like depression<\/a> and an overall diminished quality of life. The task force considered these long-term impacts in making its recommendations, noting that screening in children as young as 8 may alleviate a preventable burden for families.<\/p>2. How can care providers identify anxiety in young kids?<\/h2>In general, it is easier to accurately identify anxiety when the child\u2019s symptoms are behavioral in nature, such as refusing to go to school or avoiding social situations. While the task force recommended that screening take place in primary care settings \u2013 such as a pediatrician\u2019s office \u2013 the research literature also supports in-school screening for mental health problems<\/a>, including anxiety.<\/p>Fortunately, in the past three decades, considerable advances have been made in mental health screening tools, including for anxiety. The evidence-based strategies for identifying anxiety in children and adolescents are centered on collecting observations from multiple perspectives, including the child, parent and teacher, to provide a complete picture of the child\u2019s functioning in school, at home and in the community.<\/p>Anxiety is what\u2019s called an internalizing trait, meaning that the symptoms may not be observable to those around the person. This makes accurate identification more challenging, though certainly possible. Therefore, psychologists recommend including the child in the screening process to the degree possible based on age and development.<\/p>Among the youths who are actually treated for mental health problems, nearly two-thirds receive those services at school<\/a>, making school-based screening a logical practice.<\/p>3. How would the screening be carried out?<\/h2>Universal screening for all children, including those with no symptoms or diagnoses, is a preventive approach to identifying youths who are at risk. This includes those who may need further diagnostic evaluation or those would benefit from early intervention.<\/p>In both cases, the aim is to reduce symptoms and to prevent lifelong chronic mental health problems. But it is important to note that a screening does not equate to a diagnosis, something that the task force highlighted in its recommendation statement.<\/p>Diagnostic assessment is more in-depth and costs more, while screening is intended to be brief, efficient and cost-effective. Screening for anxiety in a primary-care setting may involve completion of short questionnaires by the child and\/or parent, similar to how pediatricians frequently screen kids<\/a> for attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder, or ADHD<\/a>.<\/p>The task force did not recommend a single method or tool, nor a particular time interval, for screening. Instead, care providers were advised to consider the evidence in the task force\u2019s recommendation and apply it to the particular child or situation. The task force did point to multiple available screening tools such as the Screen for Child Anxiety Related Emotional Disorders<\/a> and the Patient Health Questionnaire Screeners<\/a> for generalized anxiety disorder, which accurately identify anxiety. These assess general emotional and behavioral health, including questions specific to anxiety. Both are available at no cost.<\/p>4. What are care providers looking for when screening for anxiety?<\/h2>A child\u2019s symptoms can vary depending on the type of anxiety they have. For instance, social anxiety disorder involves fear and anxiety in social situations, while specific phobias involve fear of a particular stimulus, such as vomiting or thunderstorms. However, many anxiety disorders share symptoms, and children typically do not fit neatly into one category.<\/p>But psychologists typically observe some common patterns when it comes to anxiety. These include negative self-talk such as \u201cI\u2019m going to fail my math test\u201d or \u201cEveryone will laugh at me,\u201d and emotion regulation difficulties, like increased tantrums, anger or sensitivity to criticism. Other typical patterns include behavioral avoidance, such as reluctance or refusal to participate in activities or interact with others.<\/p>Anxiety can also show up as physical symptoms that lack a root physiological cause. For example, a child may complain of stomachaches or headaches or general malaise. In fact, studies suggest that spotting youths with anxiety in pediatric settings may simply occur through identification of children with medically unexplained physical symptoms<\/a>.<\/p>The distinction we are aiming for in screening is identifying the magnitude of symptoms and their impact. In other words, how much do the symptoms interfere with the child\u2019s daily functioning? Some anxiety is normal and, in fact, necessary and helpful.<\/p>5. What are the recommendations for supporting kids with anxiety?<\/h2>The key to an effective screening process is that it be connected to evidence-based care.<\/p>The good news is that we now have decades of high-quality research demonstrating how to effectively intervene to reduce symptoms and to help anxious youth cope and function better. These include both medications or therapeutic approaches like cognitive behavioral therapy, which studies show to be safe and effective<\/a>.<\/p>This is an updated version of an article originally published on May 13, 2022<\/a>.<\/em><\/p>Elana Bernstein<\/a>, Assistant Professor of School Psychology, University of Dayton<\/a><\/em><\/p>This article is republished from The Conversation<\/a> under a Creative Commons license. Read the original article<\/a>.\u00a0The<\/span>\u00a0Conversation<\/span>\u00a0is a nonprofit news source dedicated to spreading ideas and expertise from academia into\u00a0the<\/span>\u00a0public discourse.\u00a0\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>
Nearly 80% of chronic mental health conditions emerge in childhood<\/a>, and when help is eventually sought, it is often years after the problem\u2019s onset. In general, recommendations to screen for mental health disorders are based on research demonstrating that youths do not typically seek help independently, and that parents<\/a> and teachers<\/a> are not always skilled at correctly identifying problems or knowing how to respond.<\/p>Anxiety is the most common<\/a> mental health problem affecting children and adolescents. Epidemiological studies indicate that 7.1% of children are diagnosed with anxiety disorders<\/a>. However, studies also estimate that upwards of 10% to 21% of children and adolescents struggle with an anxiety disorder and as many as 30% of children<\/a> experience moderate anxiety that interferes with their daily functioning at some time in their life.<\/p>This tells us that many kids experience anxiety at a level that interferes with their daily functioning, even if they are never formally diagnosed. Additionally, there is a well-established evidence base<\/a> for treating childhood anxiety.<\/p>The task force evaluated the best available research and concluded that, while there are gaps in the evidence base, the benefits of screening are clear. Untreated anxiety disorders in children result in added burdens<\/a> to the public health system. So from a cost-benefit perspective, the cost-effectiveness of screening for anxiety and providing preventive treatment is favorable, while, as the task force pointed out, the harms are negligible.<\/p>The task force recommendation to screen kids as young as age 8 is driven by the research literature. Anxiety disorders are most likely to first show up during the elementary school years. And the typical age of onset for anxiety is among the earliest<\/a> of all childhood mental health diagnoses. The panel also pointed to a lack of accurate screening instruments available to detect anxiety among younger children; as a result, it concluded that there is not sufficient evidence to recommend screening children age 7 or younger.<\/p>Anxiety disorders can persist into adulthood, particularly those disorders with early onsets and those that are left untreated. Individuals who experience anxiety in childhood are more likely to deal with it in adulthood, too, along with other mental health disorders like depression<\/a> and an overall diminished quality of life. The task force considered these long-term impacts in making its recommendations, noting that screening in children as young as 8 may alleviate a preventable burden for families.<\/p>2. How can care providers identify anxiety in young kids?<\/h2>In general, it is easier to accurately identify anxiety when the child\u2019s symptoms are behavioral in nature, such as refusing to go to school or avoiding social situations. While the task force recommended that screening take place in primary care settings \u2013 such as a pediatrician\u2019s office \u2013 the research literature also supports in-school screening for mental health problems<\/a>, including anxiety.<\/p>Fortunately, in the past three decades, considerable advances have been made in mental health screening tools, including for anxiety. The evidence-based strategies for identifying anxiety in children and adolescents are centered on collecting observations from multiple perspectives, including the child, parent and teacher, to provide a complete picture of the child\u2019s functioning in school, at home and in the community.<\/p>Anxiety is what\u2019s called an internalizing trait, meaning that the symptoms may not be observable to those around the person. This makes accurate identification more challenging, though certainly possible. Therefore, psychologists recommend including the child in the screening process to the degree possible based on age and development.<\/p>Among the youths who are actually treated for mental health problems, nearly two-thirds receive those services at school<\/a>, making school-based screening a logical practice.<\/p>3. How would the screening be carried out?<\/h2>Universal screening for all children, including those with no symptoms or diagnoses, is a preventive approach to identifying youths who are at risk. This includes those who may need further diagnostic evaluation or those would benefit from early intervention.<\/p>In both cases, the aim is to reduce symptoms and to prevent lifelong chronic mental health problems. But it is important to note that a screening does not equate to a diagnosis, something that the task force highlighted in its recommendation statement.<\/p>Diagnostic assessment is more in-depth and costs more, while screening is intended to be brief, efficient and cost-effective. Screening for anxiety in a primary-care setting may involve completion of short questionnaires by the child and\/or parent, similar to how pediatricians frequently screen kids<\/a> for attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder, or ADHD<\/a>.<\/p>The task force did not recommend a single method or tool, nor a particular time interval, for screening. Instead, care providers were advised to consider the evidence in the task force\u2019s recommendation and apply it to the particular child or situation. The task force did point to multiple available screening tools such as the Screen for Child Anxiety Related Emotional Disorders<\/a> and the Patient Health Questionnaire Screeners<\/a> for generalized anxiety disorder, which accurately identify anxiety. These assess general emotional and behavioral health, including questions specific to anxiety. Both are available at no cost.<\/p>4. What are care providers looking for when screening for anxiety?<\/h2>A child\u2019s symptoms can vary depending on the type of anxiety they have. For instance, social anxiety disorder involves fear and anxiety in social situations, while specific phobias involve fear of a particular stimulus, such as vomiting or thunderstorms. However, many anxiety disorders share symptoms, and children typically do not fit neatly into one category.<\/p>But psychologists typically observe some common patterns when it comes to anxiety. These include negative self-talk such as \u201cI\u2019m going to fail my math test\u201d or \u201cEveryone will laugh at me,\u201d and emotion regulation difficulties, like increased tantrums, anger or sensitivity to criticism. Other typical patterns include behavioral avoidance, such as reluctance or refusal to participate in activities or interact with others.<\/p>Anxiety can also show up as physical symptoms that lack a root physiological cause. For example, a child may complain of stomachaches or headaches or general malaise. In fact, studies suggest that spotting youths with anxiety in pediatric settings may simply occur through identification of children with medically unexplained physical symptoms<\/a>.<\/p>The distinction we are aiming for in screening is identifying the magnitude of symptoms and their impact. In other words, how much do the symptoms interfere with the child\u2019s daily functioning? Some anxiety is normal and, in fact, necessary and helpful.<\/p>5. What are the recommendations for supporting kids with anxiety?<\/h2>The key to an effective screening process is that it be connected to evidence-based care.<\/p>The good news is that we now have decades of high-quality research demonstrating how to effectively intervene to reduce symptoms and to help anxious youth cope and function better. These include both medications or therapeutic approaches like cognitive behavioral therapy, which studies show to be safe and effective<\/a>.<\/p>This is an updated version of an article originally published on May 13, 2022<\/a>.<\/em><\/p>Elana Bernstein<\/a>, Assistant Professor of School Psychology, University of Dayton<\/a><\/em><\/p>This article is republished from The Conversation<\/a> under a Creative Commons license. Read the original article<\/a>.\u00a0The<\/span>\u00a0Conversation<\/span>\u00a0is a nonprofit news source dedicated to spreading ideas and expertise from academia into\u00a0the<\/span>\u00a0public discourse.\u00a0\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>
Anxiety is the most common<\/a> mental health problem affecting children and adolescents. Epidemiological studies indicate that 7.1% of children are diagnosed with anxiety disorders<\/a>. However, studies also estimate that upwards of 10% to 21% of children and adolescents struggle with an anxiety disorder and as many as 30% of children<\/a> experience moderate anxiety that interferes with their daily functioning at some time in their life.<\/p>This tells us that many kids experience anxiety at a level that interferes with their daily functioning, even if they are never formally diagnosed. Additionally, there is a well-established evidence base<\/a> for treating childhood anxiety.<\/p>The task force evaluated the best available research and concluded that, while there are gaps in the evidence base, the benefits of screening are clear. Untreated anxiety disorders in children result in added burdens<\/a> to the public health system. So from a cost-benefit perspective, the cost-effectiveness of screening for anxiety and providing preventive treatment is favorable, while, as the task force pointed out, the harms are negligible.<\/p>The task force recommendation to screen kids as young as age 8 is driven by the research literature. Anxiety disorders are most likely to first show up during the elementary school years. And the typical age of onset for anxiety is among the earliest<\/a> of all childhood mental health diagnoses. The panel also pointed to a lack of accurate screening instruments available to detect anxiety among younger children; as a result, it concluded that there is not sufficient evidence to recommend screening children age 7 or younger.<\/p>Anxiety disorders can persist into adulthood, particularly those disorders with early onsets and those that are left untreated. Individuals who experience anxiety in childhood are more likely to deal with it in adulthood, too, along with other mental health disorders like depression<\/a> and an overall diminished quality of life. The task force considered these long-term impacts in making its recommendations, noting that screening in children as young as 8 may alleviate a preventable burden for families.<\/p>2. How can care providers identify anxiety in young kids?<\/h2>In general, it is easier to accurately identify anxiety when the child\u2019s symptoms are behavioral in nature, such as refusing to go to school or avoiding social situations. While the task force recommended that screening take place in primary care settings \u2013 such as a pediatrician\u2019s office \u2013 the research literature also supports in-school screening for mental health problems<\/a>, including anxiety.<\/p>Fortunately, in the past three decades, considerable advances have been made in mental health screening tools, including for anxiety. The evidence-based strategies for identifying anxiety in children and adolescents are centered on collecting observations from multiple perspectives, including the child, parent and teacher, to provide a complete picture of the child\u2019s functioning in school, at home and in the community.<\/p>Anxiety is what\u2019s called an internalizing trait, meaning that the symptoms may not be observable to those around the person. This makes accurate identification more challenging, though certainly possible. Therefore, psychologists recommend including the child in the screening process to the degree possible based on age and development.<\/p>Among the youths who are actually treated for mental health problems, nearly two-thirds receive those services at school<\/a>, making school-based screening a logical practice.<\/p>3. How would the screening be carried out?<\/h2>Universal screening for all children, including those with no symptoms or diagnoses, is a preventive approach to identifying youths who are at risk. This includes those who may need further diagnostic evaluation or those would benefit from early intervention.<\/p>In both cases, the aim is to reduce symptoms and to prevent lifelong chronic mental health problems. But it is important to note that a screening does not equate to a diagnosis, something that the task force highlighted in its recommendation statement.<\/p>Diagnostic assessment is more in-depth and costs more, while screening is intended to be brief, efficient and cost-effective. Screening for anxiety in a primary-care setting may involve completion of short questionnaires by the child and\/or parent, similar to how pediatricians frequently screen kids<\/a> for attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder, or ADHD<\/a>.<\/p>The task force did not recommend a single method or tool, nor a particular time interval, for screening. Instead, care providers were advised to consider the evidence in the task force\u2019s recommendation and apply it to the particular child or situation. The task force did point to multiple available screening tools such as the Screen for Child Anxiety Related Emotional Disorders<\/a> and the Patient Health Questionnaire Screeners<\/a> for generalized anxiety disorder, which accurately identify anxiety. These assess general emotional and behavioral health, including questions specific to anxiety. Both are available at no cost.<\/p>4. What are care providers looking for when screening for anxiety?<\/h2>A child\u2019s symptoms can vary depending on the type of anxiety they have. For instance, social anxiety disorder involves fear and anxiety in social situations, while specific phobias involve fear of a particular stimulus, such as vomiting or thunderstorms. However, many anxiety disorders share symptoms, and children typically do not fit neatly into one category.<\/p>But psychologists typically observe some common patterns when it comes to anxiety. These include negative self-talk such as \u201cI\u2019m going to fail my math test\u201d or \u201cEveryone will laugh at me,\u201d and emotion regulation difficulties, like increased tantrums, anger or sensitivity to criticism. Other typical patterns include behavioral avoidance, such as reluctance or refusal to participate in activities or interact with others.<\/p>Anxiety can also show up as physical symptoms that lack a root physiological cause. For example, a child may complain of stomachaches or headaches or general malaise. In fact, studies suggest that spotting youths with anxiety in pediatric settings may simply occur through identification of children with medically unexplained physical symptoms<\/a>.<\/p>The distinction we are aiming for in screening is identifying the magnitude of symptoms and their impact. In other words, how much do the symptoms interfere with the child\u2019s daily functioning? Some anxiety is normal and, in fact, necessary and helpful.<\/p>5. What are the recommendations for supporting kids with anxiety?<\/h2>The key to an effective screening process is that it be connected to evidence-based care.<\/p>The good news is that we now have decades of high-quality research demonstrating how to effectively intervene to reduce symptoms and to help anxious youth cope and function better. These include both medications or therapeutic approaches like cognitive behavioral therapy, which studies show to be safe and effective<\/a>.<\/p>This is an updated version of an article originally published on May 13, 2022<\/a>.<\/em><\/p>Elana Bernstein<\/a>, Assistant Professor of School Psychology, University of Dayton<\/a><\/em><\/p>This article is republished from The Conversation<\/a> under a Creative Commons license. Read the original article<\/a>.\u00a0The<\/span>\u00a0Conversation<\/span>\u00a0is a nonprofit news source dedicated to spreading ideas and expertise from academia into\u00a0the<\/span>\u00a0public discourse.\u00a0\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>
This tells us that many kids experience anxiety at a level that interferes with their daily functioning, even if they are never formally diagnosed. Additionally, there is a well-established evidence base<\/a> for treating childhood anxiety.<\/p>The task force evaluated the best available research and concluded that, while there are gaps in the evidence base, the benefits of screening are clear. Untreated anxiety disorders in children result in added burdens<\/a> to the public health system. So from a cost-benefit perspective, the cost-effectiveness of screening for anxiety and providing preventive treatment is favorable, while, as the task force pointed out, the harms are negligible.<\/p>The task force recommendation to screen kids as young as age 8 is driven by the research literature. Anxiety disorders are most likely to first show up during the elementary school years. And the typical age of onset for anxiety is among the earliest<\/a> of all childhood mental health diagnoses. The panel also pointed to a lack of accurate screening instruments available to detect anxiety among younger children; as a result, it concluded that there is not sufficient evidence to recommend screening children age 7 or younger.<\/p>Anxiety disorders can persist into adulthood, particularly those disorders with early onsets and those that are left untreated. Individuals who experience anxiety in childhood are more likely to deal with it in adulthood, too, along with other mental health disorders like depression<\/a> and an overall diminished quality of life. The task force considered these long-term impacts in making its recommendations, noting that screening in children as young as 8 may alleviate a preventable burden for families.<\/p>2. How can care providers identify anxiety in young kids?<\/h2>In general, it is easier to accurately identify anxiety when the child\u2019s symptoms are behavioral in nature, such as refusing to go to school or avoiding social situations. While the task force recommended that screening take place in primary care settings \u2013 such as a pediatrician\u2019s office \u2013 the research literature also supports in-school screening for mental health problems<\/a>, including anxiety.<\/p>Fortunately, in the past three decades, considerable advances have been made in mental health screening tools, including for anxiety. The evidence-based strategies for identifying anxiety in children and adolescents are centered on collecting observations from multiple perspectives, including the child, parent and teacher, to provide a complete picture of the child\u2019s functioning in school, at home and in the community.<\/p>Anxiety is what\u2019s called an internalizing trait, meaning that the symptoms may not be observable to those around the person. This makes accurate identification more challenging, though certainly possible. Therefore, psychologists recommend including the child in the screening process to the degree possible based on age and development.<\/p>Among the youths who are actually treated for mental health problems, nearly two-thirds receive those services at school<\/a>, making school-based screening a logical practice.<\/p>3. How would the screening be carried out?<\/h2>Universal screening for all children, including those with no symptoms or diagnoses, is a preventive approach to identifying youths who are at risk. This includes those who may need further diagnostic evaluation or those would benefit from early intervention.<\/p>In both cases, the aim is to reduce symptoms and to prevent lifelong chronic mental health problems. But it is important to note that a screening does not equate to a diagnosis, something that the task force highlighted in its recommendation statement.<\/p>Diagnostic assessment is more in-depth and costs more, while screening is intended to be brief, efficient and cost-effective. Screening for anxiety in a primary-care setting may involve completion of short questionnaires by the child and\/or parent, similar to how pediatricians frequently screen kids<\/a> for attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder, or ADHD<\/a>.<\/p>The task force did not recommend a single method or tool, nor a particular time interval, for screening. Instead, care providers were advised to consider the evidence in the task force\u2019s recommendation and apply it to the particular child or situation. The task force did point to multiple available screening tools such as the Screen for Child Anxiety Related Emotional Disorders<\/a> and the Patient Health Questionnaire Screeners<\/a> for generalized anxiety disorder, which accurately identify anxiety. These assess general emotional and behavioral health, including questions specific to anxiety. Both are available at no cost.<\/p>4. What are care providers looking for when screening for anxiety?<\/h2>A child\u2019s symptoms can vary depending on the type of anxiety they have. For instance, social anxiety disorder involves fear and anxiety in social situations, while specific phobias involve fear of a particular stimulus, such as vomiting or thunderstorms. However, many anxiety disorders share symptoms, and children typically do not fit neatly into one category.<\/p>But psychologists typically observe some common patterns when it comes to anxiety. These include negative self-talk such as \u201cI\u2019m going to fail my math test\u201d or \u201cEveryone will laugh at me,\u201d and emotion regulation difficulties, like increased tantrums, anger or sensitivity to criticism. Other typical patterns include behavioral avoidance, such as reluctance or refusal to participate in activities or interact with others.<\/p>Anxiety can also show up as physical symptoms that lack a root physiological cause. For example, a child may complain of stomachaches or headaches or general malaise. In fact, studies suggest that spotting youths with anxiety in pediatric settings may simply occur through identification of children with medically unexplained physical symptoms<\/a>.<\/p>The distinction we are aiming for in screening is identifying the magnitude of symptoms and their impact. In other words, how much do the symptoms interfere with the child\u2019s daily functioning? Some anxiety is normal and, in fact, necessary and helpful.<\/p>5. What are the recommendations for supporting kids with anxiety?<\/h2>The key to an effective screening process is that it be connected to evidence-based care.<\/p>The good news is that we now have decades of high-quality research demonstrating how to effectively intervene to reduce symptoms and to help anxious youth cope and function better. These include both medications or therapeutic approaches like cognitive behavioral therapy, which studies show to be safe and effective<\/a>.<\/p>This is an updated version of an article originally published on May 13, 2022<\/a>.<\/em><\/p>Elana Bernstein<\/a>, Assistant Professor of School Psychology, University of Dayton<\/a><\/em><\/p>This article is republished from The Conversation<\/a> under a Creative Commons license. Read the original article<\/a>.\u00a0The<\/span>\u00a0Conversation<\/span>\u00a0is a nonprofit news source dedicated to spreading ideas and expertise from academia into\u00a0the<\/span>\u00a0public discourse.\u00a0\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>
The task force evaluated the best available research and concluded that, while there are gaps in the evidence base, the benefits of screening are clear. Untreated anxiety disorders in children result in added burdens<\/a> to the public health system. So from a cost-benefit perspective, the cost-effectiveness of screening for anxiety and providing preventive treatment is favorable, while, as the task force pointed out, the harms are negligible.<\/p>The task force recommendation to screen kids as young as age 8 is driven by the research literature. Anxiety disorders are most likely to first show up during the elementary school years. And the typical age of onset for anxiety is among the earliest<\/a> of all childhood mental health diagnoses. The panel also pointed to a lack of accurate screening instruments available to detect anxiety among younger children; as a result, it concluded that there is not sufficient evidence to recommend screening children age 7 or younger.<\/p>Anxiety disorders can persist into adulthood, particularly those disorders with early onsets and those that are left untreated. Individuals who experience anxiety in childhood are more likely to deal with it in adulthood, too, along with other mental health disorders like depression<\/a> and an overall diminished quality of life. The task force considered these long-term impacts in making its recommendations, noting that screening in children as young as 8 may alleviate a preventable burden for families.<\/p>2. How can care providers identify anxiety in young kids?<\/h2>In general, it is easier to accurately identify anxiety when the child\u2019s symptoms are behavioral in nature, such as refusing to go to school or avoiding social situations. While the task force recommended that screening take place in primary care settings \u2013 such as a pediatrician\u2019s office \u2013 the research literature also supports in-school screening for mental health problems<\/a>, including anxiety.<\/p>Fortunately, in the past three decades, considerable advances have been made in mental health screening tools, including for anxiety. The evidence-based strategies for identifying anxiety in children and adolescents are centered on collecting observations from multiple perspectives, including the child, parent and teacher, to provide a complete picture of the child\u2019s functioning in school, at home and in the community.<\/p>Anxiety is what\u2019s called an internalizing trait, meaning that the symptoms may not be observable to those around the person. This makes accurate identification more challenging, though certainly possible. Therefore, psychologists recommend including the child in the screening process to the degree possible based on age and development.<\/p>Among the youths who are actually treated for mental health problems, nearly two-thirds receive those services at school<\/a>, making school-based screening a logical practice.<\/p>3. How would the screening be carried out?<\/h2>Universal screening for all children, including those with no symptoms or diagnoses, is a preventive approach to identifying youths who are at risk. This includes those who may need further diagnostic evaluation or those would benefit from early intervention.<\/p>In both cases, the aim is to reduce symptoms and to prevent lifelong chronic mental health problems. But it is important to note that a screening does not equate to a diagnosis, something that the task force highlighted in its recommendation statement.<\/p>Diagnostic assessment is more in-depth and costs more, while screening is intended to be brief, efficient and cost-effective. Screening for anxiety in a primary-care setting may involve completion of short questionnaires by the child and\/or parent, similar to how pediatricians frequently screen kids<\/a> for attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder, or ADHD<\/a>.<\/p>The task force did not recommend a single method or tool, nor a particular time interval, for screening. Instead, care providers were advised to consider the evidence in the task force\u2019s recommendation and apply it to the particular child or situation. The task force did point to multiple available screening tools such as the Screen for Child Anxiety Related Emotional Disorders<\/a> and the Patient Health Questionnaire Screeners<\/a> for generalized anxiety disorder, which accurately identify anxiety. These assess general emotional and behavioral health, including questions specific to anxiety. Both are available at no cost.<\/p>4. What are care providers looking for when screening for anxiety?<\/h2>A child\u2019s symptoms can vary depending on the type of anxiety they have. For instance, social anxiety disorder involves fear and anxiety in social situations, while specific phobias involve fear of a particular stimulus, such as vomiting or thunderstorms. However, many anxiety disorders share symptoms, and children typically do not fit neatly into one category.<\/p>But psychologists typically observe some common patterns when it comes to anxiety. These include negative self-talk such as \u201cI\u2019m going to fail my math test\u201d or \u201cEveryone will laugh at me,\u201d and emotion regulation difficulties, like increased tantrums, anger or sensitivity to criticism. Other typical patterns include behavioral avoidance, such as reluctance or refusal to participate in activities or interact with others.<\/p>Anxiety can also show up as physical symptoms that lack a root physiological cause. For example, a child may complain of stomachaches or headaches or general malaise. In fact, studies suggest that spotting youths with anxiety in pediatric settings may simply occur through identification of children with medically unexplained physical symptoms<\/a>.<\/p>The distinction we are aiming for in screening is identifying the magnitude of symptoms and their impact. In other words, how much do the symptoms interfere with the child\u2019s daily functioning? Some anxiety is normal and, in fact, necessary and helpful.<\/p>5. What are the recommendations for supporting kids with anxiety?<\/h2>The key to an effective screening process is that it be connected to evidence-based care.<\/p>The good news is that we now have decades of high-quality research demonstrating how to effectively intervene to reduce symptoms and to help anxious youth cope and function better. These include both medications or therapeutic approaches like cognitive behavioral therapy, which studies show to be safe and effective<\/a>.<\/p>This is an updated version of an article originally published on May 13, 2022<\/a>.<\/em><\/p>Elana Bernstein<\/a>, Assistant Professor of School Psychology, University of Dayton<\/a><\/em><\/p>This article is republished from The Conversation<\/a> under a Creative Commons license. Read the original article<\/a>.\u00a0The<\/span>\u00a0Conversation<\/span>\u00a0is a nonprofit news source dedicated to spreading ideas and expertise from academia into\u00a0the<\/span>\u00a0public discourse.\u00a0\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>
The task force recommendation to screen kids as young as age 8 is driven by the research literature. Anxiety disorders are most likely to first show up during the elementary school years. And the typical age of onset for anxiety is among the earliest<\/a> of all childhood mental health diagnoses. The panel also pointed to a lack of accurate screening instruments available to detect anxiety among younger children; as a result, it concluded that there is not sufficient evidence to recommend screening children age 7 or younger.<\/p>Anxiety disorders can persist into adulthood, particularly those disorders with early onsets and those that are left untreated. Individuals who experience anxiety in childhood are more likely to deal with it in adulthood, too, along with other mental health disorders like depression<\/a> and an overall diminished quality of life. The task force considered these long-term impacts in making its recommendations, noting that screening in children as young as 8 may alleviate a preventable burden for families.<\/p>2. How can care providers identify anxiety in young kids?<\/h2>In general, it is easier to accurately identify anxiety when the child\u2019s symptoms are behavioral in nature, such as refusing to go to school or avoiding social situations. While the task force recommended that screening take place in primary care settings \u2013 such as a pediatrician\u2019s office \u2013 the research literature also supports in-school screening for mental health problems<\/a>, including anxiety.<\/p>Fortunately, in the past three decades, considerable advances have been made in mental health screening tools, including for anxiety. The evidence-based strategies for identifying anxiety in children and adolescents are centered on collecting observations from multiple perspectives, including the child, parent and teacher, to provide a complete picture of the child\u2019s functioning in school, at home and in the community.<\/p>Anxiety is what\u2019s called an internalizing trait, meaning that the symptoms may not be observable to those around the person. This makes accurate identification more challenging, though certainly possible. Therefore, psychologists recommend including the child in the screening process to the degree possible based on age and development.<\/p>Among the youths who are actually treated for mental health problems, nearly two-thirds receive those services at school<\/a>, making school-based screening a logical practice.<\/p>3. How would the screening be carried out?<\/h2>Universal screening for all children, including those with no symptoms or diagnoses, is a preventive approach to identifying youths who are at risk. This includes those who may need further diagnostic evaluation or those would benefit from early intervention.<\/p>In both cases, the aim is to reduce symptoms and to prevent lifelong chronic mental health problems. But it is important to note that a screening does not equate to a diagnosis, something that the task force highlighted in its recommendation statement.<\/p>Diagnostic assessment is more in-depth and costs more, while screening is intended to be brief, efficient and cost-effective. Screening for anxiety in a primary-care setting may involve completion of short questionnaires by the child and\/or parent, similar to how pediatricians frequently screen kids<\/a> for attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder, or ADHD<\/a>.<\/p>The task force did not recommend a single method or tool, nor a particular time interval, for screening. Instead, care providers were advised to consider the evidence in the task force\u2019s recommendation and apply it to the particular child or situation. The task force did point to multiple available screening tools such as the Screen for Child Anxiety Related Emotional Disorders<\/a> and the Patient Health Questionnaire Screeners<\/a> for generalized anxiety disorder, which accurately identify anxiety. These assess general emotional and behavioral health, including questions specific to anxiety. Both are available at no cost.<\/p>4. What are care providers looking for when screening for anxiety?<\/h2>A child\u2019s symptoms can vary depending on the type of anxiety they have. For instance, social anxiety disorder involves fear and anxiety in social situations, while specific phobias involve fear of a particular stimulus, such as vomiting or thunderstorms. However, many anxiety disorders share symptoms, and children typically do not fit neatly into one category.<\/p>But psychologists typically observe some common patterns when it comes to anxiety. These include negative self-talk such as \u201cI\u2019m going to fail my math test\u201d or \u201cEveryone will laugh at me,\u201d and emotion regulation difficulties, like increased tantrums, anger or sensitivity to criticism. Other typical patterns include behavioral avoidance, such as reluctance or refusal to participate in activities or interact with others.<\/p>Anxiety can also show up as physical symptoms that lack a root physiological cause. For example, a child may complain of stomachaches or headaches or general malaise. In fact, studies suggest that spotting youths with anxiety in pediatric settings may simply occur through identification of children with medically unexplained physical symptoms<\/a>.<\/p>The distinction we are aiming for in screening is identifying the magnitude of symptoms and their impact. In other words, how much do the symptoms interfere with the child\u2019s daily functioning? Some anxiety is normal and, in fact, necessary and helpful.<\/p>5. What are the recommendations for supporting kids with anxiety?<\/h2>The key to an effective screening process is that it be connected to evidence-based care.<\/p>The good news is that we now have decades of high-quality research demonstrating how to effectively intervene to reduce symptoms and to help anxious youth cope and function better. These include both medications or therapeutic approaches like cognitive behavioral therapy, which studies show to be safe and effective<\/a>.<\/p>This is an updated version of an article originally published on May 13, 2022<\/a>.<\/em><\/p>Elana Bernstein<\/a>, Assistant Professor of School Psychology, University of Dayton<\/a><\/em><\/p>This article is republished from The Conversation<\/a> under a Creative Commons license. Read the original article<\/a>.\u00a0The<\/span>\u00a0Conversation<\/span>\u00a0is a nonprofit news source dedicated to spreading ideas and expertise from academia into\u00a0the<\/span>\u00a0public discourse.\u00a0\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>
Anxiety disorders can persist into adulthood, particularly those disorders with early onsets and those that are left untreated. Individuals who experience anxiety in childhood are more likely to deal with it in adulthood, too, along with other mental health disorders like depression<\/a> and an overall diminished quality of life. The task force considered these long-term impacts in making its recommendations, noting that screening in children as young as 8 may alleviate a preventable burden for families.<\/p>2. How can care providers identify anxiety in young kids?<\/h2>In general, it is easier to accurately identify anxiety when the child\u2019s symptoms are behavioral in nature, such as refusing to go to school or avoiding social situations. While the task force recommended that screening take place in primary care settings \u2013 such as a pediatrician\u2019s office \u2013 the research literature also supports in-school screening for mental health problems<\/a>, including anxiety.<\/p>Fortunately, in the past three decades, considerable advances have been made in mental health screening tools, including for anxiety. The evidence-based strategies for identifying anxiety in children and adolescents are centered on collecting observations from multiple perspectives, including the child, parent and teacher, to provide a complete picture of the child\u2019s functioning in school, at home and in the community.<\/p>Anxiety is what\u2019s called an internalizing trait, meaning that the symptoms may not be observable to those around the person. This makes accurate identification more challenging, though certainly possible. Therefore, psychologists recommend including the child in the screening process to the degree possible based on age and development.<\/p>Among the youths who are actually treated for mental health problems, nearly two-thirds receive those services at school<\/a>, making school-based screening a logical practice.<\/p>3. How would the screening be carried out?<\/h2>Universal screening for all children, including those with no symptoms or diagnoses, is a preventive approach to identifying youths who are at risk. This includes those who may need further diagnostic evaluation or those would benefit from early intervention.<\/p>In both cases, the aim is to reduce symptoms and to prevent lifelong chronic mental health problems. But it is important to note that a screening does not equate to a diagnosis, something that the task force highlighted in its recommendation statement.<\/p>Diagnostic assessment is more in-depth and costs more, while screening is intended to be brief, efficient and cost-effective. Screening for anxiety in a primary-care setting may involve completion of short questionnaires by the child and\/or parent, similar to how pediatricians frequently screen kids<\/a> for attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder, or ADHD<\/a>.<\/p>The task force did not recommend a single method or tool, nor a particular time interval, for screening. Instead, care providers were advised to consider the evidence in the task force\u2019s recommendation and apply it to the particular child or situation. The task force did point to multiple available screening tools such as the Screen for Child Anxiety Related Emotional Disorders<\/a> and the Patient Health Questionnaire Screeners<\/a> for generalized anxiety disorder, which accurately identify anxiety. These assess general emotional and behavioral health, including questions specific to anxiety. Both are available at no cost.<\/p>4. What are care providers looking for when screening for anxiety?<\/h2>A child\u2019s symptoms can vary depending on the type of anxiety they have. For instance, social anxiety disorder involves fear and anxiety in social situations, while specific phobias involve fear of a particular stimulus, such as vomiting or thunderstorms. However, many anxiety disorders share symptoms, and children typically do not fit neatly into one category.<\/p>But psychologists typically observe some common patterns when it comes to anxiety. These include negative self-talk such as \u201cI\u2019m going to fail my math test\u201d or \u201cEveryone will laugh at me,\u201d and emotion regulation difficulties, like increased tantrums, anger or sensitivity to criticism. Other typical patterns include behavioral avoidance, such as reluctance or refusal to participate in activities or interact with others.<\/p>Anxiety can also show up as physical symptoms that lack a root physiological cause. For example, a child may complain of stomachaches or headaches or general malaise. In fact, studies suggest that spotting youths with anxiety in pediatric settings may simply occur through identification of children with medically unexplained physical symptoms<\/a>.<\/p>The distinction we are aiming for in screening is identifying the magnitude of symptoms and their impact. In other words, how much do the symptoms interfere with the child\u2019s daily functioning? Some anxiety is normal and, in fact, necessary and helpful.<\/p>5. What are the recommendations for supporting kids with anxiety?<\/h2>The key to an effective screening process is that it be connected to evidence-based care.<\/p>The good news is that we now have decades of high-quality research demonstrating how to effectively intervene to reduce symptoms and to help anxious youth cope and function better. These include both medications or therapeutic approaches like cognitive behavioral therapy, which studies show to be safe and effective<\/a>.<\/p>This is an updated version of an article originally published on May 13, 2022<\/a>.<\/em><\/p>Elana Bernstein<\/a>, Assistant Professor of School Psychology, University of Dayton<\/a><\/em><\/p>This article is republished from The Conversation<\/a> under a Creative Commons license. Read the original article<\/a>.\u00a0The<\/span>\u00a0Conversation<\/span>\u00a0is a nonprofit news source dedicated to spreading ideas and expertise from academia into\u00a0the<\/span>\u00a0public discourse.\u00a0\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>
In general, it is easier to accurately identify anxiety when the child\u2019s symptoms are behavioral in nature, such as refusing to go to school or avoiding social situations. While the task force recommended that screening take place in primary care settings \u2013 such as a pediatrician\u2019s office \u2013 the research literature also supports in-school screening for mental health problems<\/a>, including anxiety.<\/p>Fortunately, in the past three decades, considerable advances have been made in mental health screening tools, including for anxiety. The evidence-based strategies for identifying anxiety in children and adolescents are centered on collecting observations from multiple perspectives, including the child, parent and teacher, to provide a complete picture of the child\u2019s functioning in school, at home and in the community.<\/p>Anxiety is what\u2019s called an internalizing trait, meaning that the symptoms may not be observable to those around the person. This makes accurate identification more challenging, though certainly possible. Therefore, psychologists recommend including the child in the screening process to the degree possible based on age and development.<\/p>Among the youths who are actually treated for mental health problems, nearly two-thirds receive those services at school<\/a>, making school-based screening a logical practice.<\/p>3. How would the screening be carried out?<\/h2>Universal screening for all children, including those with no symptoms or diagnoses, is a preventive approach to identifying youths who are at risk. This includes those who may need further diagnostic evaluation or those would benefit from early intervention.<\/p>In both cases, the aim is to reduce symptoms and to prevent lifelong chronic mental health problems. But it is important to note that a screening does not equate to a diagnosis, something that the task force highlighted in its recommendation statement.<\/p>Diagnostic assessment is more in-depth and costs more, while screening is intended to be brief, efficient and cost-effective. Screening for anxiety in a primary-care setting may involve completion of short questionnaires by the child and\/or parent, similar to how pediatricians frequently screen kids<\/a> for attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder, or ADHD<\/a>.<\/p>The task force did not recommend a single method or tool, nor a particular time interval, for screening. Instead, care providers were advised to consider the evidence in the task force\u2019s recommendation and apply it to the particular child or situation. The task force did point to multiple available screening tools such as the Screen for Child Anxiety Related Emotional Disorders<\/a> and the Patient Health Questionnaire Screeners<\/a> for generalized anxiety disorder, which accurately identify anxiety. These assess general emotional and behavioral health, including questions specific to anxiety. Both are available at no cost.<\/p>4. What are care providers looking for when screening for anxiety?<\/h2>A child\u2019s symptoms can vary depending on the type of anxiety they have. For instance, social anxiety disorder involves fear and anxiety in social situations, while specific phobias involve fear of a particular stimulus, such as vomiting or thunderstorms. However, many anxiety disorders share symptoms, and children typically do not fit neatly into one category.<\/p>But psychologists typically observe some common patterns when it comes to anxiety. These include negative self-talk such as \u201cI\u2019m going to fail my math test\u201d or \u201cEveryone will laugh at me,\u201d and emotion regulation difficulties, like increased tantrums, anger or sensitivity to criticism. Other typical patterns include behavioral avoidance, such as reluctance or refusal to participate in activities or interact with others.<\/p>Anxiety can also show up as physical symptoms that lack a root physiological cause. For example, a child may complain of stomachaches or headaches or general malaise. In fact, studies suggest that spotting youths with anxiety in pediatric settings may simply occur through identification of children with medically unexplained physical symptoms<\/a>.<\/p>The distinction we are aiming for in screening is identifying the magnitude of symptoms and their impact. In other words, how much do the symptoms interfere with the child\u2019s daily functioning? Some anxiety is normal and, in fact, necessary and helpful.<\/p>5. What are the recommendations for supporting kids with anxiety?<\/h2>The key to an effective screening process is that it be connected to evidence-based care.<\/p>The good news is that we now have decades of high-quality research demonstrating how to effectively intervene to reduce symptoms and to help anxious youth cope and function better. These include both medications or therapeutic approaches like cognitive behavioral therapy, which studies show to be safe and effective<\/a>.<\/p>This is an updated version of an article originally published on May 13, 2022<\/a>.<\/em><\/p>Elana Bernstein<\/a>, Assistant Professor of School Psychology, University of Dayton<\/a><\/em><\/p>This article is republished from The Conversation<\/a> under a Creative Commons license. Read the original article<\/a>.\u00a0The<\/span>\u00a0Conversation<\/span>\u00a0is a nonprofit news source dedicated to spreading ideas and expertise from academia into\u00a0the<\/span>\u00a0public discourse.\u00a0\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>
Fortunately, in the past three decades, considerable advances have been made in mental health screening tools, including for anxiety. The evidence-based strategies for identifying anxiety in children and adolescents are centered on collecting observations from multiple perspectives, including the child, parent and teacher, to provide a complete picture of the child\u2019s functioning in school, at home and in the community.<\/p>
Anxiety is what\u2019s called an internalizing trait, meaning that the symptoms may not be observable to those around the person. This makes accurate identification more challenging, though certainly possible. Therefore, psychologists recommend including the child in the screening process to the degree possible based on age and development.<\/p>
Among the youths who are actually treated for mental health problems, nearly two-thirds receive those services at school<\/a>, making school-based screening a logical practice.<\/p>3. How would the screening be carried out?<\/h2>Universal screening for all children, including those with no symptoms or diagnoses, is a preventive approach to identifying youths who are at risk. This includes those who may need further diagnostic evaluation or those would benefit from early intervention.<\/p>In both cases, the aim is to reduce symptoms and to prevent lifelong chronic mental health problems. But it is important to note that a screening does not equate to a diagnosis, something that the task force highlighted in its recommendation statement.<\/p>Diagnostic assessment is more in-depth and costs more, while screening is intended to be brief, efficient and cost-effective. Screening for anxiety in a primary-care setting may involve completion of short questionnaires by the child and\/or parent, similar to how pediatricians frequently screen kids<\/a> for attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder, or ADHD<\/a>.<\/p>The task force did not recommend a single method or tool, nor a particular time interval, for screening. Instead, care providers were advised to consider the evidence in the task force\u2019s recommendation and apply it to the particular child or situation. The task force did point to multiple available screening tools such as the Screen for Child Anxiety Related Emotional Disorders<\/a> and the Patient Health Questionnaire Screeners<\/a> for generalized anxiety disorder, which accurately identify anxiety. These assess general emotional and behavioral health, including questions specific to anxiety. Both are available at no cost.<\/p>4. What are care providers looking for when screening for anxiety?<\/h2>A child\u2019s symptoms can vary depending on the type of anxiety they have. For instance, social anxiety disorder involves fear and anxiety in social situations, while specific phobias involve fear of a particular stimulus, such as vomiting or thunderstorms. However, many anxiety disorders share symptoms, and children typically do not fit neatly into one category.<\/p>But psychologists typically observe some common patterns when it comes to anxiety. These include negative self-talk such as \u201cI\u2019m going to fail my math test\u201d or \u201cEveryone will laugh at me,\u201d and emotion regulation difficulties, like increased tantrums, anger or sensitivity to criticism. Other typical patterns include behavioral avoidance, such as reluctance or refusal to participate in activities or interact with others.<\/p>Anxiety can also show up as physical symptoms that lack a root physiological cause. For example, a child may complain of stomachaches or headaches or general malaise. In fact, studies suggest that spotting youths with anxiety in pediatric settings may simply occur through identification of children with medically unexplained physical symptoms<\/a>.<\/p>The distinction we are aiming for in screening is identifying the magnitude of symptoms and their impact. In other words, how much do the symptoms interfere with the child\u2019s daily functioning? Some anxiety is normal and, in fact, necessary and helpful.<\/p>5. What are the recommendations for supporting kids with anxiety?<\/h2>The key to an effective screening process is that it be connected to evidence-based care.<\/p>The good news is that we now have decades of high-quality research demonstrating how to effectively intervene to reduce symptoms and to help anxious youth cope and function better. These include both medications or therapeutic approaches like cognitive behavioral therapy, which studies show to be safe and effective<\/a>.<\/p>This is an updated version of an article originally published on May 13, 2022<\/a>.<\/em><\/p>Elana Bernstein<\/a>, Assistant Professor of School Psychology, University of Dayton<\/a><\/em><\/p>This article is republished from The Conversation<\/a> under a Creative Commons license. Read the original article<\/a>.\u00a0The<\/span>\u00a0Conversation<\/span>\u00a0is a nonprofit news source dedicated to spreading ideas and expertise from academia into\u00a0the<\/span>\u00a0public discourse.\u00a0\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>
Universal screening for all children, including those with no symptoms or diagnoses, is a preventive approach to identifying youths who are at risk. This includes those who may need further diagnostic evaluation or those would benefit from early intervention.<\/p>
In both cases, the aim is to reduce symptoms and to prevent lifelong chronic mental health problems. But it is important to note that a screening does not equate to a diagnosis, something that the task force highlighted in its recommendation statement.<\/p>
Diagnostic assessment is more in-depth and costs more, while screening is intended to be brief, efficient and cost-effective. Screening for anxiety in a primary-care setting may involve completion of short questionnaires by the child and\/or parent, similar to how pediatricians frequently screen kids<\/a> for attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder, or ADHD<\/a>.<\/p>The task force did not recommend a single method or tool, nor a particular time interval, for screening. Instead, care providers were advised to consider the evidence in the task force\u2019s recommendation and apply it to the particular child or situation. The task force did point to multiple available screening tools such as the Screen for Child Anxiety Related Emotional Disorders<\/a> and the Patient Health Questionnaire Screeners<\/a> for generalized anxiety disorder, which accurately identify anxiety. These assess general emotional and behavioral health, including questions specific to anxiety. Both are available at no cost.<\/p>4. What are care providers looking for when screening for anxiety?<\/h2>A child\u2019s symptoms can vary depending on the type of anxiety they have. For instance, social anxiety disorder involves fear and anxiety in social situations, while specific phobias involve fear of a particular stimulus, such as vomiting or thunderstorms. However, many anxiety disorders share symptoms, and children typically do not fit neatly into one category.<\/p>But psychologists typically observe some common patterns when it comes to anxiety. These include negative self-talk such as \u201cI\u2019m going to fail my math test\u201d or \u201cEveryone will laugh at me,\u201d and emotion regulation difficulties, like increased tantrums, anger or sensitivity to criticism. Other typical patterns include behavioral avoidance, such as reluctance or refusal to participate in activities or interact with others.<\/p>Anxiety can also show up as physical symptoms that lack a root physiological cause. For example, a child may complain of stomachaches or headaches or general malaise. In fact, studies suggest that spotting youths with anxiety in pediatric settings may simply occur through identification of children with medically unexplained physical symptoms<\/a>.<\/p>The distinction we are aiming for in screening is identifying the magnitude of symptoms and their impact. In other words, how much do the symptoms interfere with the child\u2019s daily functioning? Some anxiety is normal and, in fact, necessary and helpful.<\/p>5. What are the recommendations for supporting kids with anxiety?<\/h2>The key to an effective screening process is that it be connected to evidence-based care.<\/p>The good news is that we now have decades of high-quality research demonstrating how to effectively intervene to reduce symptoms and to help anxious youth cope and function better. These include both medications or therapeutic approaches like cognitive behavioral therapy, which studies show to be safe and effective<\/a>.<\/p>This is an updated version of an article originally published on May 13, 2022<\/a>.<\/em><\/p>Elana Bernstein<\/a>, Assistant Professor of School Psychology, University of Dayton<\/a><\/em><\/p>This article is republished from The Conversation<\/a> under a Creative Commons license. Read the original article<\/a>.\u00a0The<\/span>\u00a0Conversation<\/span>\u00a0is a nonprofit news source dedicated to spreading ideas and expertise from academia into\u00a0the<\/span>\u00a0public discourse.\u00a0\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>
The task force did not recommend a single method or tool, nor a particular time interval, for screening. Instead, care providers were advised to consider the evidence in the task force\u2019s recommendation and apply it to the particular child or situation. The task force did point to multiple available screening tools such as the Screen for Child Anxiety Related Emotional Disorders<\/a> and the Patient Health Questionnaire Screeners<\/a> for generalized anxiety disorder, which accurately identify anxiety. These assess general emotional and behavioral health, including questions specific to anxiety. Both are available at no cost.<\/p>4. What are care providers looking for when screening for anxiety?<\/h2>A child\u2019s symptoms can vary depending on the type of anxiety they have. For instance, social anxiety disorder involves fear and anxiety in social situations, while specific phobias involve fear of a particular stimulus, such as vomiting or thunderstorms. However, many anxiety disorders share symptoms, and children typically do not fit neatly into one category.<\/p>But psychologists typically observe some common patterns when it comes to anxiety. These include negative self-talk such as \u201cI\u2019m going to fail my math test\u201d or \u201cEveryone will laugh at me,\u201d and emotion regulation difficulties, like increased tantrums, anger or sensitivity to criticism. Other typical patterns include behavioral avoidance, such as reluctance or refusal to participate in activities or interact with others.<\/p>Anxiety can also show up as physical symptoms that lack a root physiological cause. For example, a child may complain of stomachaches or headaches or general malaise. In fact, studies suggest that spotting youths with anxiety in pediatric settings may simply occur through identification of children with medically unexplained physical symptoms<\/a>.<\/p>The distinction we are aiming for in screening is identifying the magnitude of symptoms and their impact. In other words, how much do the symptoms interfere with the child\u2019s daily functioning? Some anxiety is normal and, in fact, necessary and helpful.<\/p>5. What are the recommendations for supporting kids with anxiety?<\/h2>The key to an effective screening process is that it be connected to evidence-based care.<\/p>The good news is that we now have decades of high-quality research demonstrating how to effectively intervene to reduce symptoms and to help anxious youth cope and function better. These include both medications or therapeutic approaches like cognitive behavioral therapy, which studies show to be safe and effective<\/a>.<\/p>This is an updated version of an article originally published on May 13, 2022<\/a>.<\/em><\/p>Elana Bernstein<\/a>, Assistant Professor of School Psychology, University of Dayton<\/a><\/em><\/p>This article is republished from The Conversation<\/a> under a Creative Commons license. Read the original article<\/a>.\u00a0The<\/span>\u00a0Conversation<\/span>\u00a0is a nonprofit news source dedicated to spreading ideas and expertise from academia into\u00a0the<\/span>\u00a0public discourse.\u00a0\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>
A child\u2019s symptoms can vary depending on the type of anxiety they have. For instance, social anxiety disorder involves fear and anxiety in social situations, while specific phobias involve fear of a particular stimulus, such as vomiting or thunderstorms. However, many anxiety disorders share symptoms, and children typically do not fit neatly into one category.<\/p>
But psychologists typically observe some common patterns when it comes to anxiety. These include negative self-talk such as \u201cI\u2019m going to fail my math test\u201d or \u201cEveryone will laugh at me,\u201d and emotion regulation difficulties, like increased tantrums, anger or sensitivity to criticism. Other typical patterns include behavioral avoidance, such as reluctance or refusal to participate in activities or interact with others.<\/p>
Anxiety can also show up as physical symptoms that lack a root physiological cause. For example, a child may complain of stomachaches or headaches or general malaise. In fact, studies suggest that spotting youths with anxiety in pediatric settings may simply occur through identification of children with medically unexplained physical symptoms<\/a>.<\/p>The distinction we are aiming for in screening is identifying the magnitude of symptoms and their impact. In other words, how much do the symptoms interfere with the child\u2019s daily functioning? Some anxiety is normal and, in fact, necessary and helpful.<\/p>5. What are the recommendations for supporting kids with anxiety?<\/h2>The key to an effective screening process is that it be connected to evidence-based care.<\/p>The good news is that we now have decades of high-quality research demonstrating how to effectively intervene to reduce symptoms and to help anxious youth cope and function better. These include both medications or therapeutic approaches like cognitive behavioral therapy, which studies show to be safe and effective<\/a>.<\/p>This is an updated version of an article originally published on May 13, 2022<\/a>.<\/em><\/p>Elana Bernstein<\/a>, Assistant Professor of School Psychology, University of Dayton<\/a><\/em><\/p>This article is republished from The Conversation<\/a> under a Creative Commons license. Read the original article<\/a>.\u00a0The<\/span>\u00a0Conversation<\/span>\u00a0is a nonprofit news source dedicated to spreading ideas and expertise from academia into\u00a0the<\/span>\u00a0public discourse.\u00a0\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>
The distinction we are aiming for in screening is identifying the magnitude of symptoms and their impact. In other words, how much do the symptoms interfere with the child\u2019s daily functioning? Some anxiety is normal and, in fact, necessary and helpful.<\/p>
The key to an effective screening process is that it be connected to evidence-based care.<\/p>
The good news is that we now have decades of high-quality research demonstrating how to effectively intervene to reduce symptoms and to help anxious youth cope and function better. These include both medications or therapeutic approaches like cognitive behavioral therapy, which studies show to be safe and effective<\/a>.<\/p>This is an updated version of an article originally published on May 13, 2022<\/a>.<\/em><\/p>Elana Bernstein<\/a>, Assistant Professor of School Psychology, University of Dayton<\/a><\/em><\/p>This article is republished from The Conversation<\/a> under a Creative Commons license. Read the original article<\/a>.\u00a0The<\/span>\u00a0Conversation<\/span>\u00a0is a nonprofit news source dedicated to spreading ideas and expertise from academia into\u00a0the<\/span>\u00a0public discourse.\u00a0\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>
This is an updated version of an article originally published on May 13, 2022<\/a>.<\/em><\/p>Elana Bernstein<\/a>, Assistant Professor of School Psychology, University of Dayton<\/a><\/em><\/p>This article is republished from The Conversation<\/a> under a Creative Commons license. Read the original article<\/a>.\u00a0The<\/span>\u00a0Conversation<\/span>\u00a0is a nonprofit news source dedicated to spreading ideas and expertise from academia into\u00a0the<\/span>\u00a0public discourse.\u00a0\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>
Elana Bernstein<\/a>, Assistant Professor of School Psychology, University of Dayton<\/a><\/em><\/p>This article is republished from The Conversation<\/a> under a Creative Commons license. Read the original article<\/a>.\u00a0The<\/span>\u00a0Conversation<\/span>\u00a0is a nonprofit news source dedicated to spreading ideas and expertise from academia into\u00a0the<\/span>\u00a0public discourse.\u00a0\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>
This article is republished from The Conversation<\/a> under a Creative Commons license. Read the original article<\/a>.\u00a0The<\/span>\u00a0Conversation<\/span>\u00a0is a nonprofit news source dedicated to spreading ideas and expertise from academia into\u00a0the<\/span>\u00a0public discourse.\u00a0\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>